Barriers to Law Enforcement Against Corporate Crime in Indonesia: Institutional, Procedural, and Socio-Political Challenges

Feri Satria Wicaksana Effendy, Umaira Hayuning Anggayasti

Abstract


This paper examines the obstacles and difficulties in the law enforcement in corporate crime in Indonesia. It pays attention to the 2023 National Criminal Code (KUHP), according to which corporations are the subjects of the criminal behavior. The empirical juridical approach and the descriptive-analytical approach are used in the study. It relies on the interviews with the prosecutors, judges, and law enforcement institutions in Jakarta and West Nusa Tenggara. The results indicate that it is difficult to enforce anti-corporation laws. The main pitfalls are that it is becoming difficult to demonstrate corporate mens rea (criminal intent), to access internal corporate documents, and to reconcile the National Criminal Code with some sectoral laws. Enforcement is further complicated with the institutional problems that include the lack of qualified staff and the absence of detailed technical instructions. Moreover, socio-political aspects, in particular, the effect of corporate economic and political influence, tend to play a role in legal procedures. This research paper emphasizes the fact that a more appropriate alignment of regulations, enhanced capacity of law enforcement bodies and more stable evidence norms are needed to ensure that corporate crime enforcement is more effective in Indonesia. We hope the results might inform the criminal law policy and also make the debates on the reform of criminal law in the country more insightful.

Keywords


Law Enforcement; Business Crime; National Criminal Code; Legal Politics; Institutional Barriers

Full Text:

PDF

References


Anjani, R., & Setiadi, E. (2023). Disparitas Putusan Tindak Pidana Korupsi Yang Dilakukan Oleh Kepala Desa (Studi Putusan Nomor 06/Pid.Sus-Tpk/2022/PN.Bdg Dan Studi Putusan Nomor 06/Pid.Sus-Tpk/2021/PN.Plg). Bandung Conference Series Law Studies, 3(1). https://doi.org/10.29313/bcsls.v3i1.4917

Aria, N. G. R., & Zakaria, C. A. F. (2023). Penghentian Penuntutan Tindak Pidana Ringan Melalui Penerapan Restorative Justice Dihubungkan Dengan Tujuan Pemidanaan. Bandung Conference Series Law Studies, 3(1). https://doi.org/10.29313/bcsls.v3i1.5043

Arnafama, S. P. H., Lazuardi, M. A., Putri, P., Putri, I. L., & Hayat, M. a. (2025). Peran Media Massa Dalam Pemberitaan Kasus Korupsi Di Kalimantan Selatan. Syntax Literate Jurnal Ilmiah Indonesia, 10(3), 2519–2529. https://doi.org/10.36418/syntax-literate.v10i3.55869

Auerbach, K., & Kartner, J. J. (2022). How Do Political Parties Capture New Democracies? Hungary and North Macedonia in Comparison. East European Politics and Societies and Cultures, 37(2), 538–562. https://doi.org/10.1177/08883254221075841

Budiman, E. A., & Pabassing, Y. (2023). Prapenuntutan Dalam Praktek Pemeriksaan Perkara Tindak Pidana Korupsi Oleh Penyidik Tipikor Kepolisian Resort Nabire. Jurnal Hukum Ius Publicum, 4(1), 51–67. https://doi.org/10.55551/jip.v4i1.52

Darmanto, D., Santoso, A. P. A., Rezi, R., & Elisanti, E. (2023). Analisis Yuridis Standar Operasional Prosedur Penggunaan Ambulan Di Puskesmas Andong Untuk Pelayanan Rujukan Berdasarkan PERMENKES Nomor 71 Tahun 2013. Al-Manhaj Jurnal Hukum Dan Pranata Sosial Islam, 5(2), 2225–2242. https://doi.org/10.37680/almanhaj.v5i2.3498

Dragomir, V. D., & Dumitru, M. (2023). Does Corporate Governance Improve Integrated Reporting Quality? A Meta-Analytical Investigation. Meditari Accountancy Research, 31(6), 1846–1885. https://doi.org/10.1108/medar-03-2022-1618

Faradila, F., & Kholim, N. (2024). Sanksi Pidana Tambahan Terhadap Korporasi dalam Praktik Penegakan Hukum di Indonesia. In Action Research Literate (Vol. 8, Issue 11, pp. 3174–3184). Ridwan Institute. https://doi.org/10.46799/arl.v8i11.2349

Farah, B., Elias, R., Aguilera, R. V, & Saad, E. A. (2021). Corporate Governance in the Middle East and North Africa: A Systematic Review of Current Trends and Opportunities for Future Research. Corporate Governance an International Review, 29(6), 630–660. https://doi.org/10.1111/corg.12377

Faturachman, F. A., Hutasoit, T. J. ., & Hosnah, A. U. (2024). Pertanggungjawaban dan Penegakan Hukum Pidana Korporasi dalam Tindak Pidana Korupsi di Indonesia. AKADEMIK: Jurnal Mahasiswa Humanis, 4(2), 197–212. https://doi.org/10.37481/jmh.v4i2.731

Febrina, C., Anindita, F., Zhou, J., & Sari, E. K. (2025). Peranan Budaya Hukum Dalam Kasus Pembunuhan Vina Di Cirebon. J.Alz, 3(3), 1494–1505. https://doi.org/10.61104/alz.v3i3.1396

Fukurai, H. (2020). President’s Farewell Message: The Anthropocene, Earth Jurisprudence, and the Rights of Nature. Asian Journal of Law and Society, 7(3), 613–622. https://doi.org/10.1017/als.2020.38

Hidayat, R., Fatimah, S., & Alfarisi, M. A. (2024). Penyelesaian Komnas Ham Dalam Penyelesaian Kasus-Kasus Pelanggaran Ham Di Indonesia. Indonesian Journal of Legality of Law, 7(1), 115–122. https://doi.org/10.35965/ijlf.v7i1.5427

Indraswara, D., Mursyid, A. M., & Wulandari, C. (2024). Corporate Criminal Liability of Corruption Criminal Actions PT. Sinarmas Asset Management. The Digest Journal of Jurisprudence and Legisprudence, 5(2), 137–184. https://doi.org/10.15294/digest.v5i2.3984

Irnawati, I., Rispawati, R., Alqadri, B., & Atsar, A. (2025). Implementasi Peraturan Daerah Kota Bima Nomor 1 Tahun 2022 Tentang Perlindungan Lahan Pertanian Pangan Berkelanjutan. Social Jurnal Inovasi Pendidikan Ips, 5(1), 266–274. https://doi.org/10.51878/social.v5i1.5149

Jawa, D., Malau, P., & Ciptono, C. (2024). Tantangan Dalam Penegakan Hukum Tindak Pidana Korupsi Di Indonesia. Jurnal Usm Law Review, 7(2), 1006–1017. https://doi.org/10.26623/julr.v7i2.9507

Jiang, Y., Zhang, L., & Tarbert, H. (2022). Does Top Management Team Media Exposure Affect Corporate Social Responsibility? Frontiers in Psychology, 13. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.827346

Kennedy, A. (2025). Optimalisasi Pancasila Sebagai Landasan Hukum Yang Humanis Dalam Pembangunan Karakter Bangsa. Ethics and Law J.: -Bus. And n.A. https://doi.org/10.61292/eljbn.281

Khairi, T. I. (2025). Penegakan Kode Etik Terhadap Anggota Polri Pelaku Penganiayaan Terhadap Tahanan. Ekasakti Legal Science Journal, 2(4), 397–405. https://doi.org/10.60034/gnnyez85

Latifah, M., & Hairi, P. J. (2025). Pengaturan Pedoman Pemidanaan KUHP Baru Dan Implikasinya Pada Putusan Hakim. Negara Hukum Membangun Hukum Untuk Keadilan Dan Kesejahteraan, 15(2). https://doi.org/10.22212/jnh.v15i2.4573

M, A. Y., & Hardianto, S. (2024). The Role of Criminal Law in Combating Corporate Crime That Harms the Public Interest. Global, 2(11), 2616–2625. https://doi.org/10.59613/global.v2i11.364

Meutia, I. F., Zainal, A. G., Sujadmiko, B., Assalam, M. S., & Putri, R. S. (2025). Adaptive Management in Disaster Crisis: Role Analysis in Cross-Sector Collaboration. Jàmbá Journal of Disaster Risk Studies, 17(1). https://doi.org/10.4102/jamba.v17i1.1830

Muladi, & Priyatno, D. (2015). Pertanggungjawaban Pidana Korporasi (3rd ed.). Prenada Media Group.

Nada, I. M., ilmi, B. M., Maulani, R. J. A. N., & Octafiana, R. (2025). Menelaah Kontroversi Sanksi Tindak Pidana Korupsi Antara Pasal Lama Dan Pasal Baru. Li, 1(1), 128–135. https://doi.org/10.59971/li.v1i1.42

Nasution, A. I., Azaria, D. P., Fauzan, M., Abidin, F. R. M., & Alfarissa, T. (2023). Penguatan Fungsi Pengawasan Bawaslu Republik Indonesia Dalam Penyelenggaraan Tahapan Kampanye Pemilu Serentak 2024. Ajudikasi Jurnal Ilmu Hukum, 7(2), 229–256. https://doi.org/10.30656/ajudikasi.v7i2.7666

Pasculli, L. (2021). The Responsibilization Paradox: The Legal Route From Deresponsibilization to Systemic Corruption in the Australian Financial Sector. Policing a Journal of Policy and Practice, 15(4), 2114–2132. https://doi.org/10.1093/police/paab068

Permanasari, N. (2021). Analisis Dasar Pertimbangan Hukum Oleh Hakim Pengadilan Tinggi Jakarta Pusat NO. 10/PID.SUS-TPK/2021/PT DKI. Syntax Idea, 3(9), 2159–2178. https://doi.org/10.46799/syntax-idea.v3i9.1486

Pernelet, H. R., & Brennan, N. (2022). Challenge in the Boardroom: Director–manager Question‐and‐answer Interactions at Board Meetings. Corporate Governance an International Review, 31(4), 544–562. https://doi.org/10.1111/corg.12492

Pertiwi, W. (2021). Implementasi CEDAW (Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women) Di India: Studi Kasus Diskriminasi Perempuan Dalam Tradisi Pemberian Dowry/Mahar. Indonesian Journal of Global Discourse, 3(1), 55–80. https://doi.org/10.29303/ijgd.v3i1.29

Puannandini, D. A. P. D. A., WD, R. T., Azzahra, A. A. A., Mubarok, F. F. M. F. F., & Satria, R. R. S. R. R. (2025). Penanggulangan Kejahatan Keuangan Di Indonesia Melalui Strategi Yang Komperhensif. Jurnal Hukum Media Justitia Nusantara, 15(1), 32–42. https://doi.org/10.30999/mjn.v15i1.3487

Ramadhanti, J., Butar, I. D. B., & Pangaribuan, C. H. (2021). The Analysis of Corporate Governance on Non-Performing Loans: Evidence From Indonesia. Journal of Business Management and Social Studies, 1(1), 1–23. https://doi.org/10.53748/jbms.v1i1.5

Ratna Juita, S., Yulistyowati, E., & Supriyadi, dan. (2024). Menelisik Prinsip Beneficial Ownership dalam Kebijakan Pembaruan Hukum Pidana. Prosiding Seminar Hukum Aktual Fakultas Hukum Universitas Islam Indonesia, 508–517. https://journal.uii.ac.id/psha/article/view/36168

Rodliyah, R., Suryani, A., & Husni, L. (2021). Konsep Pertanggungjawaban Pidana Korporasi (Corporate Crime) Dalam Sistem Hukum Pidana Indonesia. In Journal Kompilasi Hukum (Vol. 5, Issue 1, pp. 191–206). Universitas Mataram. https://doi.org/10.29303/jkh.v5i1.43

Saragih, H. Y., Chandra, T. Y., & Paparang, S. T. (2025). Pertanggung Jawaban Pidana Korporasipelaku Tindak Pidana Korupsidalam Tata Kelola Niaga Komoditas Di Indonesia. Sinergi, 2(8), 3705–3717. https://doi.org/10.62335/sinergi.v2i8.1639

Sarah, Y. Y. (2021). Implementasi Kebijakan Penanggulangan Kebakaran Lahan Gambut Di Indonesia: Konflik Pelaksanaan Restorasi Lahan Kawasan Hutan Tanaman Industri. Journal of Education Humaniora and Social Sciences (Jehss), 3(3), 1076–1088. https://doi.org/10.34007/jehss.v3i3.508

Sari, N. K. A. (2023). Criminal Liability for Corporate Crime in Indonesia. Al-Manhaj Jurnal Hukum Dan Pranata Sosial Islam, 5(1), 867–874. https://doi.org/10.37680/almanhaj.v5i1.2687

Sembiring, R. E. B., & Pujiyono, P. (2020). Reform of Corporate Criminal Liability Arrangements in Indonesia and Types of Sanctions That Can Be Implemented. Jurnal Ilmiah Hukum Legality, 28(1). https://doi.org/10.22219/ljih.v28i1.10949

Setyawan, W., Tanzil, N. D., & Rosdini, D. (2023). Realisasi Dana Csr, Tata Kelola Csr, Dan Manajemen Stratejik Keberlanjutan Terhadap Pengungkapan SDGS. Media Riset Akuntansi Auditing & Informasi, 23(2), 375–394. https://doi.org/10.25105/mraai.v23i2.13546

Sianipar, A. F., Zulyadi, R., & Siregar, T. (2023). Penegakan Hukum Tindak Pidana Korupsi Biaya Pemungutan Pajak Bumi Dan Bangunan (PBB) Sektor Perkebunan Di Pemerintah Kabupaten Labuhan Batu Selatan. Journal of Education Humaniora and Social Sciences (Jehss), 5(3), 2239–2253. https://doi.org/10.34007/jehss.v5i3.1591

Suartha, I. D. M., & Ivory, J. (2024). Corporate Crime Liability: Beyond Rule Reform on Indonesia Criminal Policy. FJL, 4(2). https://doi.org/10.62795/fjl.v4i2.281

Sudarto. (2020). Hukum Pidana 1 (6th ed.). Yayasan Sudarto.

Sudarto, S. (2024). RETRACTION NOTICE: Model Kolaborasi Antar-Lembaga Dan Reformasi Tata Kelola Keamanan Maritim Dalam Menjaga Kedaulatan Indonesia Pasca Reformasi. Jurnal Usm Law Review, 7(3), 1260–1271. https://doi.org/10.26623/julr.v7i3.8912

Sulastri, S., Arivetullatif, & Multama, I. (2023). The Impact Profitability, Leverage and Firm Size on Disclousure of Corporate Social Responsibility. Jurnal Informatika Ekonomi Bisnis, 247–253. https://doi.org/10.37034/infeb.v5i1.197

Suprihanto, E., Utama, Y. J., & Cahyaningtyas, I. (2023). Reformulasi Pemberantasan Korupsi Di Indonesia: Perspektif Kepolisian Menghadapi Korupsi Sebagai Ancaman Perang Proksi. Jurnal Pembangunan Hukum Indonesia, 5(1), 204–219. https://doi.org/10.14710/jphi.v5i1.204-219

Suryani, S., Tjahjawati, S. S., & Pramono, T. D. (2023). Pembuatan Standard Operating Procedure (Sop) Pendaftaran, Perawatan Dan Penataan, Serta Alur Kerja Pada Display Produk Umkm Di Rumah Bumn Bandung. Abaj, 2(3), 48–57. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.62201/svh0g987

Tao, S., Hai, M., Fang, Z., & Zheng, D. (2023). The Role of Environmental Justice Reform in Corporate Green Transformation: Evidence From the Establishment of China’s Environmental Courts. Frontiers in Environmental Science, 11. https://doi.org/10.3389/fenvs.2023.1090853

Taylor, M. B. (2021). Counter Corporate Litigation: Remedy, Regulation, and Repression in the Struggle for a Just Transition. Sustainability, 13(19), 10742. https://doi.org/10.3390/su131910742

Vries, M. d., Claassen, L., Wierik, M. J. t., Timmermans, D. R. M., & Timen, A. (2022). Dynamics in Public Perceptions and Media Coverage During an Ongoing Outbreak of Meningococcal W Disease in the Netherlands. BMC Public Health, 22(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-022-12920-8

Wang, X., Chen, S., & Wang, Y. (2023). The Impact of Corporate Social Responsibility on Speed of OFDI Under the Belt and Road Initiative. Sustainability, 15(11), 8712. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15118712

Waroi, M. N. A. L. Al. (2024). Coordination and Collaboration Between Secret Intelligence Agencies and Government Institutions: Challenges, Opportunities, and Dynamics. International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Analysis, 07(09). https://doi.org/10.47191/ijmra/v7-i10-06

Widjaja, J., Dakota, A. D., Ginting, Y. P., Valensia, V., Capello, J., Jauhanes, R. O., Yogeta, A., Haksoro, R. A. B., Putra, M. F. D., & Dirgantara, B. R. (2024). Pembuktian Tindak Pidana Korporasi Berdasarkan Putusan PN SEMARANG Nomor 16/Pid.Sus-TPK/2022/PN Smg. In COMSERVA : Jurnal Penelitian dan Pengabdian Masyarakat (Vol. 4, Issue 6, pp. 1798–1808). Publikasi Indonesia. https://doi.org/10.59141/comserva.v4i6.2503

Yusuf, A., Salman, A. S., Asmaul, Immawan, M. I., & Dwivalinci, H. A. (2025). Media Sosial Sebagai Penggerak Akuntabilitas: Studi Kasus George Sugama Halim Dan Respons Kepolisian Dalam Fenomena No Viral, No Justice. Journal of Public Administration and Local Governance, 9(1), 146–164. https://doi.org/10.31002/jpalg.v9i1.2545




DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.18415/ijmmu.v13i3.7349

Refbacks

  • There are currently no refbacks.


Copyright (c) 2026 International Journal of Multicultural and Multireligious Understanding

Creative Commons License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

International Journal of Multicultural and Multireligious Understanding (IJMMU) ISSN 2364-5369
https://ijmmu.com
editor@ijmmu.com
dx.doi.org/10.18415/ijmmu
facebook.com/ijmmu
Copyright © 2014-2018 IJMMU. All rights reserved.