International Journal of Multicultural and Multireligious Understanding
International Journal of Multicultural and Multireligious Understanding (IJMMU) ISSN 2364-5369 is an international, double-blind peer-reviewed, open-access journal covering the study of topics in the social & Humanities aims to provide a forum for high quality research related to social sciences and humanities research. The main Areas relevant to the scope of the journal is social science studies and also the journal focuses on the following topics: Anthropology Sociology Psychology Politics Management Economics Law History Culture Business Studies Linguistics Ethnic Relations Immigration and Migrant Workers Studies Multicultural studies Sports science Public relations Educational Research Communication Peace Studies Religious Studies It provides an academic platform for professionals and researchers to contribute innovative work in the field. The journal carries original and full-length articles that reflect the latest research and developments in both theoretical and practical aspects of society and human behavior. The journal is published in both print and online versions. The online version is free access and download. IJMMU accepts submission of mainly four types: Original Articles, Short Communications, Reviews, and Proposals for special issues.
International Journal of Multicultural and Multireligious Understanding (IJMMU)
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The Role of Tembang Dolanan in Javanese Language Learning in Primary Schools: A Systematic Literature Review
Javanese language teaching in Indonesian primary schools is challenged by the decreasing use of local languages in families and schools, as well as the strong dominance of national and global popular culture. In this context, tembang dolanan, traditional Javanese children’s songs, hold considerable potential as a learning medium that is both engaging and rich in linguistic and cultural content. This article presents a systematic literature review on the role of tembang dolanan in Javanese language learning at the primary school level. The review adopts the PRISMA 2020 framework and draws on studies retrieved from Google Scholar, GARUDA, DOAJ, ERIC, and nationally indexed journal portals, using keywords related to tembang dolanan, Javanese language learning, and primary education. Selected articles were analysed in terms of research context, forms of tembang dolanan implementation, linguistic and cultural learning outcomes, and classroom challenges. The review indicates that tembang dolanan are generally used to enrich vocabulary, support pronunciation and oral fluency, enhance student engagement, and transmit character and cultural values associated with Javanese identity. The most promising results appear when tembang dolanan are embedded in multimodal instructional designs that combine singing, movement, games, and audiovisual media. However, the existing evidence base remains limited: few studies employ rigorous experimental or quasi-experimental designs or use instruments that explicitly measure Javanese language outcomes. The article concludes that tembang dolanan represent a strategic medium for strengthening both Javanese language learning and cultural preservation in primary schools, while highlighting the need for further research on the development and empirical testing of tembang dolanan-based teaching materials.
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Exploring Learning Experiences through Ensemble Music and Peer Tutoring in Primary Schools: A Systematic Literature Review
This systematic literature review investigates how ensemble music learning and peer tutoring contribute to primary school students' academic, social, and emotional development. Drawing on empirical studies published between 2010 and 2025, the review examines the ways in which ensemble-based instruction and structured peer tutoring shape children's collaboration, communication, self-confidence, empathy, and cultural appreciation. The focus is on learning experiences in primary schools where music is used as a vehicle for both musical and non-musical outcomes. The review follows PRISMA 2020 guidelines for identifying, screening, and appraising studies. Searches were conducted in international and national databases using bilingual keywords related to ensemble music, peer tutoring, and primary education. Twenty articles met the inclusion criteria and were analysed in depth using an analytical matrix. The findings show that ensemble music learning supports responsibility, turn-taking, listening, and mutual support, while peer tutoring provides opportunities for explanation, feedback, and role modelling among students. However, the evidence base is still dominated by small-scale qualitative or classroom action research designs, with limited longitudinal and experimental studies. The review offers implications for designing culturally responsive music programmes in Indonesian primary schools, integrating ensemble and peer tutoring strategies, and developing more rigorous assessment tools for students' social and emotional skills.
A Comparative Study of the Quiddity and Method of Attaining Certainty in the Thought of Descartes and Mullā Ṣadrā
This article presents a comparative study of the quiddity, types, and methods of achieving "certainty" (yaqīn) from the perspective of two prominent philosophers of the Islamic and modern philosophical traditions: Mullā Ṣadrā and René Descartes. While they share commonalities—such as the search for an unshakeable foundation, the central role of the "self," and the exclusion of doubt from the definition of certainty—the divergence between their views is rooted in their fundamentally different metaphysical principles.Employing the method of methodical doubt, Descartes considers certainty to be a mental and epistemic state, whose criterion is the "clarity and distinctness" of a perception. His starting point is the "Cogito" (Cogito ergo sum) as the first indubitable truth, and ultimately, he introduces God as the extrinsic guarantor for the veracity of clear and distinct perceptions. In contrast, Mullā Ṣadrā, within the framework of Transcendent Philosophy (al-Ḥikmah al-Muta‘āliyah) and through foundational concepts such as "the Primacy of Existence" (aṣālat al-wujūd), "the Unity of the Intellector and the Intellected" (ittiḥād al-‘āqil wa’l-ma‘qūl), and "Substantial Motion" (al-ḥarakah al-jawhariyyah), regards certainty as an existential and presential (ḥuḍūrī) matter. It is attained through the existential wayfaring (sulūk) and perfection of the soul. In this view, God—as the Bestower of Forms (Wāhib al-ṣuwar)—is not an extrinsic guarantor but the direct, bestowing source of certainty itself. The findings of this study demonstrate that the principal distinction between these two theories stems from differences in ontology (knowledge as a "mode of existence" versus knowledge as "mental representation") and methodology (intuition and unveiling versus discursive reasoning and proof). This research thus delineates the contrast between the two intellectual paradigms of "existence-based epistemology" and "mind-based epistemology."
Between Idol and Ideal: Celebrity Worship and Mate Preferences of K-Pop Fans on Platform X
Admired K-Pop idols often become role models because they are considered to represent ideal values, lifestyles, or characteristics. They consider idols as ideal partners because of the combination of physical appearance, personality, and representation that is consistently displayed in various media. This study aims to determine the relationship between celebrity worship and life partner preferences among K-Pop fans on platform X. This study was conducted using a quantitative method with a cross-sectional correlational design. The sample in this study amounted to 108 people. The significance value for the correlation test (p) was 0.013, with a correlation coefficient (r) of 0.239. This indicates a significant relationship between celebrity worship and mate preferences among K-Pop fans on platform X.
Improving EFL Students’ Speaking Fluency Through the Use of Mobile Language Learning Applications in Grade VIII at MTs Jihhadul Ummah
This study investigates the effectiveness of mobile language learning applications in improving the speaking fluency of eighth-grade EFL students at MTs Jihhadul Ummah, located in Dompu, West Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia. The research employed a quasi-experimental design with a pre-test and post-test non-equivalent control group. Two classes were selected as samples: the experimental group (VIII A) used ELSA Speak and Duolingo during eight instructional meetings, while the control group (VIII B) received conventional classroom instruction without mobile applications. Data were collected through speaking fluency assessments and analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics (t-test) via SPSS. The findings revealed that the experimental group achieved a significantly higher post-test mean score (M = 75.8) compared to the control group (M = 62.3), with a significance value of p < 0.05. These results indicate that mobile-assisted language learning (MALL) substantially enhances students’ fluency, pronunciation accuracy, and speaking confidence. Additionally, the use of mobile applications was found to reduce speaking anxiety and increase motivation by providing flexible, self-paced, and low-pressure learning opportunities. The study concludes that mobile applications serve as effective complementary tools to traditional instruction, promoting greater learner autonomy and communicative competence in EFL contexts.
The Role of Hand Puppets in Listening Instruction for First Grade Students at SD Muhammadiyah Sapen
This article aims to describe in depth the role of hand puppets in mediating listening instruction for first grade students at SD Muhammadiyah Sapen, Yogyakarta. The study was motivated by the low focus, participation, and comprehension of students during listening activities in Indonesian language lessons, which were still dominated by teacher talk and lacked multisensory media. The research employed a qualitative case study design. The participants were one classroom teacher and thirty-three first grade students of class I Al Khawaritzmi. Data were collected through participant observation, in-depth interviews with the teacher and selected students, and documentation of lesson plans, student work, and photos or videos of teaching and learning. Data analysis followed the interactive model of Miles, Huberman, and Saldaña, namely data collection, data condensation, data display, and conclusion drawing, while trustworthiness was strengthened through source and method triangulation. The findings indicate three main roles of hand puppets in listening lessons. First, hand puppets function as multisensory attention mediators that help students concentrate and sustain attention on oral narratives. Second, hand puppets act as social interaction facilitators that reduce psychological barriers, so that more students are willing to respond, ask questions, and retell parts of the story. Third, hand puppets become concrete tools for meaning-making and emotional expression that support students’ understanding of characters, plot, and moral messages. These findings confirm the sociocultural view that learning is mediated by cultural tools and that hand puppets can serve as a form of scaffolding within children’s zone of proximal development. The study recommends that hand puppets be used systematically in early grade listening instruction as part of joyful, contextual early literacy programs.
Parental Moral and Instrumental Support for Girls with Dual Achievement in Academics and Football at SD Muhammadiyah Sapen Yogyakarta
This article explores how parents provide moral and instrumental support to girls who achieve simultaneously in academic learning and competitive football at SD Muhammadiyah Sapen Yogyakarta, an Islamic primary school that encourages both scholastic excellence and sports achievement. The study is situated within a multicultural and multireligious educational context in Indonesia, where gender norms and religious values strongly shape expectations for girls’ participation in sport. Using a qualitative descriptive design, data were collected through in-depth interviews, observation, and school document analysis. The participants consisted of the parents of a high-achieving girl who excels in both academic learning and football, the class teacher, and the football coach. Data were analysed using an interactive model of data condensation, data display, and conclusion drawing. Credibility was strengthened through data triangulation across different sources and techniques. The findings show that parental support operates through two interrelated dimensions. First, moral support is expressed in continuous encouragement, empathy, religiously grounded meaning-making, and the affirmation that the child’s worth is not reduced to winning or losing. Second, instrumental support is manifested through the provision of facilities, transportation, time management, and coordination with teachers and coaches so that training schedules and academic obligations remain balanced. Parents also negotiate gender expectations and Islamic values, interpreting football as a space to practise discipline, cooperation, and responsibility that are consistent with religious teachings. The study concludes that parental moral and instrumental support is crucial for sustaining girls’ dual achievement in academics and football while at the same time promoting inclusive interpretations of gender and religion in school and family life. The article recommends strengthening school–family partnerships to design programmes that integrate academic targets, sports development, and character education in a holistic manner.
Jurisprudential, Legal and Medical Aspects of Criminal Growth and Its Determination as a Condition for Realizing Criminal Responsibility and Analysis of Iran's Criminal Law Approach
A fundamental question regarding the discussion of the conditions for realizing criminal responsibility is whether criminal growth can also be proposed as another condition in addition to the conventional conditions (wisdom, maturity, free will(intention) and knowledge)? The discussion of this category is particularly important and has significant practical implications because logically, a substantive difference must be made between reason, maturity and criminal growth, although these three terms, in the eyes of the common people, are sometimes even used in the same sense. It is natural that identifying criminal growth as a condition for criminal responsibility, along with the other four conditions, can realize criminal responsibility in a more effective and fair way and objectify judicial justice in a more complete way. Although in some provisions, including Article 91 of the Islamic Penal Code, the legislator has referred to the concept of criminal growth, the Iranian penal system has not had an explicit and specific approach to the category of determining criminal growth as a condition for realizing criminal responsibility. The aim of this article is to examine the jurisprudential, legal and medical dimensions of criminal growth and determine it as a condition for the realization of criminal responsibility and to analyze the approach of Iranian criminal law towards this category in light of the conceptual and thematic analysis of the provision of Article 91 of the Islamic Penal Code.
The Influence of Javanese Language Habits on Primary Students’ Early Reading Ability: A Systematic Literature Review
This systematic literature review investigates how Javanese language habits shape the early reading abilities of elementary school students. The study is motivated by the persistent low level of reading literacy in Indonesian primary schools and the strategic role of mother tongue use, especially Javanese, in building foundational literacy. Using the PRISMA 2020 guidelines, articles were searched in Google Scholar, GARUDA, DOAJ, ERIC, and nationally accredited journals (with emphasis on Sinta 1 and Sinta 2), covering publications from 2000–2025 with a focus on 2015–2025. Twenty eligible studies were synthesized through narrative and thematic analysis. The review reveals that frequent use of Javanese at home and school is consistently associated with better Javanese language skills, including understanding and reading simple texts. Javanese language habits support early reading by enriching vocabulary, strengthening phonological awareness, and increasing students’ affective engagement with local language texts. Studies on media such as flashcards, word cards, and Karawa (Karambol Aksara Jawa) show that integrating culturally relevant materials can significantly improve beginning reading performance. However, most available evidence is descriptive or correlational, with varied instruments and limited standardization, so causal claims remain tentative. The findings highlight the need for deliberately designed school and family programs that integrate Javanese language use with structured early reading activities within the Merdeka Curriculum framework, as well as future quasi-experimental and mixed-methods research with stronger methodological rigor.
The Role of Snakes and Ladders Educational Game in Enhancing Learning Motivation and Basic Arithmetic Operation Skills: A Case Study ofGrade 2 Ibnu Bajjah
The purpose of this study is to describe the role of the Snakes and Ladders educational game in enhancing learning motivation and basic arithmetic operation skills among second-grade students of Class 2 Ibnu Bajjah at SD Muhammadiyah Sapen Yogyakarta, Indonesia. This research employed a qualitative descriptive case study design. The participants consisted of 34 students (15 boys and 19 girls) enrolled in the mathematics subject at the end of the first semester. Data were collected through participatory observation, semi-structured interviews, documentation, and field notes. Data analysis followed the stages of data reduction, coding, data display, and conclusion drawing, supported by source and methodological triangulation to ensure trustworthiness. The findings reveal that the Snakes and Ladders educational game effectively enhances students’ learning motivation, as indicated by increased enthusiasm, active engagement, persistence in solving problems, and reduced fear of making mistakes. In addition, students’ competency in arithmetic operations—particularly addition and subtraction within 100—improved through meaningful and repeated counting activities integrated into the game mechanics. The game also fostered a more collaborative and interactive classroom atmosphere, promoting positive peer interactions and cooperative problem-solving. These results suggest that the Snakes and Ladders educational game can serve as an effective instructional medium to improve the quality of mathematics learning in lower elementary grades. The study provides practical guidance for teachers to design meaningful and enjoyable game-based learning activities that support numeracy and motivation.
Prof. Dr. Yoppy Wahyu Purnomo, S.Pd., M.Pd
The Scope of Wife Maintenance (Nafaqa) in Confronting Emerging Needs of Contemporary Life: A Comparative Study in Imami Jurisprudence and Sunni Schools of Law
This study, entitled “The Scope of the Wife’s Maintenance (Nafaqa) in Confronting the Emerging Needs of Contemporary Life: A Comparative Study in Imami Jurisprudence and Sunni Schools of Law,” seeks to clarify the extent to which the institution of maintenance, based on its classical foundations, is capable of adapting to the profound transformations of modern lifestyles, and how newly emerging needs—such as ordinary medical care, education, housing and modern domestic services, transportation, and communication and digital technologies—can be analyzed and incorporated within the framework of the wife’s maintenance. In the first section, the general Qur’anic and Sunna-based evidences are examined, demonstrating that, according to the revealed texts, the wife’s maintenance constitutes a fixed financial right owed by the husband. This right is grounded in criteria such as bil-ma‘rūf (according to what is customary and appropriate), mā yakfīki (what suffices you), and the rule “liyunfiq dhū sa‘atin min sa‘atihi… lā yukallifu Allāhu nafsan illā mā ātāhā”. This framework is designed such that customary practice, the woman’s social status, and the ordinary standard of living—together with the husband’s financial ability—are taken into account simultaneously. The second section investigates the divergent views of Imami jurisprudence and the Sunni schools concerning the criteria for determining the amount and scope of maintenance. Imami jurists consider maintenance a financial right arising from a valid marriage contract and normal tamkīn, and they adopt a composite criterion incorporating the husband’s economic condition, the wife’s status, and customary norms. By contrast, a significant portion of Sunni jurisprudence analyzes maintenance primarily within an exchange-based framework tied to tamkīn and iḥtibās, although custom and the circumstances of both spouses also play a substantial role in determining the amount and quality of maintenance. The third section applies these general principles to the emergent needs of contemporary life, showing that, based on the aforementioned texts and foundations, ordinary healthcare, basic education, housing equipped with essential amenities, part of transportation expenses, domestic services that remove hardship, and a minimal level of communication and internet access may—within the bounds of custom and the husband’s financial capacity—be included among the obligatory components of maintenance. The study concludes that both jurisprudential systems possess the foundational capacity necessary for expanding the scope of maintenance in response to emerging needs. However, the right-based approach characteristic of Imami jurisprudence, in comparison with the exchange-based approach prevalent in much of Sunni jurisprudence, offers a clearer and more coherent basis for transforming these emerging needs into enforceable financial rights.
Students’ Lived Experiences of Gratitude: A Phenomenological Study
Gratitude is a positive emotion that plays a significant role in adolescents’ psychological well-being. This study aims to explore the subjective experience of gratitude among adolescents using a phenomenological approach. Four adolescents from a public vocational high school in Kalimantan participated in in-depth interviews. Thematic analysis was conducted based on the framework of emotionality, prosociality, and religiousness as the core factors shaping gratitude. Findings indicate that each participant’s sense of gratitude was influenced by their unique life circumstances, including social support, religious values, emotional experiences, and family conditions. This study highlights the importance of implementing positive emotion–based interventions in educational settings to promote adolescents’ well-being.
Prevalence and Risk Factors of Low Back Pain Injuries at the Health and Sport Center Therapy Service During 2024
Sports injury cases are cases that need to be handled appropriately to prevent worsening injuries. The number of sports injury cases needs to be mapped so that it is known what injury cases often occur and what risk factors cause injuries to occur, especially in cases of Low Back Pain. The purpose of this study is to determine the prevalence and risk factors of musculoskeletal injuries in the manipulative and rehabilitative therapy service of the Health and Sport Center of Yogyakarta State University, especially in cases of Low Back Pain. This research method is a continuous study with a quantitative descriptive design through an analytical observational approach. This study uses a total sampling technique involving data from therapy patients during 2024 who complained of Low Back Pain. Data analysis will use descriptive tests. The results show that there were 1,119 cases of low back pain during 2024, with the highest risk factor being in the 21-60 age group. The highest risk based on the cause is in daily activities at 63%. Female gender has a high risk of 56%. Office work has the highest risk at 37%. Prevention efforts need to be focused on increasing awareness of the importance of correct body posture, implementing work ergonomics, and carrying out regular and balanced physical activities to maintain health and reduce the prevalence of LBP injuries in the community.
Assessing Needs for Supplementary Speaking Materials for Vocational High School Students from Peripheral Areas
This study explores the need for supplementary English for Specific Purposes (ESP) materials in a Vocational High School located in a peripheral area of Yogyakarta. The focus is on understanding the specific requirements and needs of students within a vocational context in a non-urban environment. Such contexts are scarcely explored by the various ESP needs analysis studies. Following the qualitative nature of needs analysis, a mixed-method approach involving interview, questionnaire, focused group discussion, and classroom observation was employed. The findings indicate that ESP-speaking materials that are adaptable, specific, and tailored to the students’ English proficiency levels are still needed despite the availability of government-issued textbooks. Materials development, albeit crucial, often does not receive enough time allotment. As such, the teacher often assembled learning materials on the go. While the existing syllabus could address students’ needs, most of them find the materials only partly suitable, as in, having little relation to their major. This emphasizes a misalignment with their vocational training. From the four macro skills, most students (92.9%) expressed difficulties in speaking skills, which are crucial for effective professional communication. Additionally, students desire varied learning strategies and incorporating ICT into their learning process such as games and non-conventional classroom instruction. This study highlights the need to develop supplementary speaking materials that are specific and relevant to students’ vocational training and include innovative teaching methods to improve student engagement and prepare them adequately for their future careers.
The Role of Rationality in Public Policy Theories with Emphasis on Habermas's Communicative Rationality
Governments are witnessing many challenges, issues and needs around them every day, and they are expected to give appropriate answers to all of them. These answers are defined as "public policy" in academic literature. Public policy is trying to formulate the criteria of a good and desirable policy by adopting an objective and action-oriented view and thus guarantee the survival and efficiency of the government. Among a wide range of concepts and core principles of social sciences, "rationality" has a special place. Review of existing research literature of public policy shows that rationality has a high position as a central value in these theories. This article has tried to analyze the concept and types of rationality, using the meta-study method, to analyze the rationality used in public policy theories. The research hypothesis was that there are three non-rational approaches, instrumental rationality and Communicative rationality in policymaking theories. To verify the above hypothesis, a relatively extensive study was conducted in public policy theories. This research has been done with the aim of answering this question to determine whether public policy theories have benefited from a rational approach. If yes, what kind of rationality did he use? For this purpose, due to the multiplicity of public policy-making theories, we tried to study and examine most of these theories. The research result shows that the theories of public policy started and developed with the approach of instrumental rationality, and in recent years, it has moved away from it and shifted its direction towards the approach of communicative rationality. The meaning of the communication rationality approach is that in an assumed society, belief, value, and behavior that results from public agreement in a free, equal and free from domination, has communication rationality.
Validation of PBL-based Physics Virtual Laboratory on Heat and Temperature to Improve Critical Thinking and Mathematical Representation Skills of High School Students
This study aims to analyze the feasibility of PBL-based virtual laboratory for use in learning physics on heat and temperature to improve students' critical thinking and mathematical representation. This research is a R&D study using the ADDIE (Analysis, Design, Developed, Implementation and Evaluation) development research, which consists of five stages: (1) Analysis stage consists of needs analysis, students analysis, curriculum analysis, concept analysis, and analysis of learning objectives; (2) Design, related to designing initial products of PBL-based virtual laboratory learning media and critical thinking and mathematical representation test instruments; (3) Developed stage related to the stage of product preparation, editing, validation, revision, and fields trial; (4) Implement is the stage of implementing products with pretest-posttest control group design and using the quasi experiment method (5) Evaluate is the evaluation process starts from the analysis stage to the implementation stage. The subjects in this study were 108 students of SMA N 1 Kalasan as a field trial. The products developed include PBL-based virtual laboratory learning media, validation assessment sheets, student response questionnaires and test instruments. These products are reviewed by expert validators and practitioners using a 4-point rating scale before being used in trials. The data analysis techniques carried out are descriptive and inferential analysis. The analysis also uses the ideal standard deviation (SBi) to assess the feasibility of learning media and a questionnaire on the practicality of students. While the analysis using V Aiken is to assess the results of the analysis of critical thinking test instruments and mathematical representation. The result of this study showed that the PBL-based virtual laboratory is highly suitable for use in physics learning on heat and temperature to improve critical thinking and mathematical representation, as indicate by evaluations from expert validators, practitioners, and students’ response.
Resilience as a Communicative Construct: Actor Interpretations and Risk Reflexivity in the Jabar Resilience Culture Province
Resilience in disaster governance is increasingly understood as a communicative process shaped by interaction, interpretation, and everyday experience. This study investigates how actors across different governance layers construct the meaning of resilience within the Jabar Resilience Culture Province (JRCP) program in West Java, Indonesia an initiative introduced to strengthen preparedness in communities exposed to the Lembang Fault. Employing an interpretive qualitative methodology, data were gathered via 27 comprehensive interviews and focus group discussions involving provincial officials, technocratic agencies, volunteers, community organizations, and residents of the villages. Analysis followed meaning coding, multilayered actor mapping, and cross-layer synthesis informed by the Risk Society framework. Findings show that resilience is understood in divergent ways: provincial authorities frame JRCP as political commitment, technocratic bodies view it through procedures and indicators, volunteers locate it within social solidarity and community practice, while villagers articulate resilience through survival concerns, ecological knowledge, and spiritual reasoning. Emotional reactions, including feelings of disappointment, guilt, resistance, and cautious optimism, significantly influence these interpretative frameworks. Across layers, meanings circulate but do not converge, producing fragmented reflexivity that weakens JRCP’s coherence. The study argues that misaligned meaning is a central barrier to resilience policy effectiveness. Strengthening JRCP requires not only technical capacity but also communicative spaces that allow actors across layers to co-produce shared understandings of risk and resilience.
Reconceptualizing Civic Education based on Pancasila Ideology to Nurture a Politically Literate Citizenry in Clientelism Contexts
This article examines how civic education, grounded in the Pancasila ideology, can be reconceptualized to nurture a politically literate citizenry in clientelist contexts. It departs from the observation that, despite the consolidation of formal democratic procedures, many citizens continue to experience politics primarily as transactional exchanges of votes, access, and material favors. Pancasila, as the Indonesian state ideology, provides a normative framework that emphasizes justice, humanity, and the public good, yet these principles are often undermined by entrenched clientelist networks. The study aims to clarify how civic education can respond to this tension by moving beyond normative, text-based instruction toward the cultivation of critical political literacy, ethical–political judgement, and non-clientelist forms of participation. Methodologically, the article adopts a qualitative, conceptual approach informed by document analysis of civic education curricula and secondary literature on clientelism, democratic citizenship, and critical pedagogy. The analysis first maps how existing civic education discourses tend to overlook informal institutions that shape everyday political behavior. It then develops a Pancasila-based conceptual model of civic education that combines structural awareness of power relations, ethical reasoning anchored in Pancasila values, and participatory learning experiences in schools and communities. The article argues that such a model can help citizens recognize the long-term costs of clientelist exchanges, evaluate them against public-interest norms, and imagine alternative practices of political engagement. The study thus contributes to debates on democratic citizenship in the Global South and offers normative and practical implications for curriculum designers, educators, and policy makers.
The Practice of Early Marriage in Children's Suku Anak Dalam: Challenges to Constitutional Rights and Legal Pluralism Indonesia
Young marriage is still a significant problem in Indonesia even though the government has strengthened regulations through Marriage Law Number 16 of 2019 which raises the minimum age limit for marriage. Challenges arise when national policies are confronted with the diversity of cultural practices and local legal systems that live within indigenous communities. In this context, the issue of fulfilling children's constitutional rights intersects with legal pluralism. This study analyzes how the practice of early marriage takes place in the Suku Anak Dalam (SAD) community and its implications for children's constitutional rights as citizens. Using a qualitative approach of case studies, data were collected through observation, interviews, and documentation in Nyogan Village, Mestong District, Jambi. The analysis is carried out through data reduction, thematic categorization, and interpretation. The findings suggest that the practice of early marriage in SAD is not only driven by economic factors and educational limitations, but also by the legitimacy of the customs that place marriage as part of the social structure of the community. This condition has an impact on the fulfillment of children's constitutional rights, including the right to education, health, legal protection, and access to civil registration. In addition, the tension between customary norms and state law reflects the strong legal pluralism that limits the effectiveness of the state in providing protection. This research emphasizes the need for a culture-based collaborative approach to ensure the fulfillment of children's rights in indigenous peoples in Indonesia.
Levying Penalties for Late Payment in Islamic Banking: A Review of the Perspectives of Islamic Scholars
The expansion of the banking industry in the Muslim world, representing both an opportunity and a challenge, has presented a multitude of complex issues for Islamic banking. Among these, the matter of delayed repayment of financing and the imposition of late payment penalties is considered one of the most formidable challenges, primarily due to its perceived resemblance to “Riba” (usury). When a client defaults on their repayment obligations at the scheduled maturity date, the creditor (the bank) incurs financial losses. This loss is compounded by the continuous erosion of the real value of money, a phenomenon exacerbated by macro-economic factors such as geopolitical conflicts and economic instability—as witnessed in nations like Afghanistan—which in turn fuels inflation. In conventional banking systems, repayment delays are managed through the imposition of default interest to compensate the lender. However, in Islamic banking, the utilization of such mechanisms is impermissible due to “Shari'ah” prohibitions against “Riba”. Consequently, the management of bank receivables, addressing payment defaults, and determining permissible forms of compensation for such delays remain critical and persistent issues within the Islamic banking framework. This study, therefore, seeks to address several fundamental questions by examining the diverse perspectives of Islamic jurists (*Fuqaha*) and scholars: Can a creditor legally claim compensation from a defaulting debtor for damages arising from currency devaluation and opportunity cost? Is the practice of stipulating and levying late payment penalties in contracts permissible from a “Shari'ah” perspective? Does such a penalty constitute a form of “Riba”? Finally, are the current penalty mechanisms employed by Islamic banks fundamentally sound and effective? This study employs a qualitative methodology, descriptive-analytical in nature, and is based on desk research. Data were collected, analyzed, and synthesized from secondary sources through a systematic review of the relevant literature. The findings reveal that three distinct jurisprudential viewpoints exist among Islamic scholars regarding the permissibility of late payment penalties, stemming from the aforementioned concerns about “Riba”. The analysis indicates that the current application of penalties—wherein their compensatory aspect often overshadows their deterrent function—has not proven optimally effective in preventing payment delays. This inefficacy is compounded by persistent “Shari'ah” complexities and the issue of debtor insolvency (“I'sar”). Consequently, there is a compelling need for the development and implementation of supplementary mechanisms to address this challenge effectively.
A Comprehensive Analysis of Personal Interest, Self-Capacity, Career Opportunities, Culture, and Social Media on Students’ Major Choice in Indonesia
Choosing a major is an important decision for students in Indonesia because it determines the direction of their education and career opportunities. However, previous studies still show inconsistencies regarding which factors are most influential and how aspects of career opportunities, culture, personal interest, self-capacity, and the influence of social media work together in a national context. This gap prompted this study to analyze the determining factors of students’ major choice through a quantitative survey method of 216 students from various levels of education in Indonesia, with PLS-SEM used as the analysis technique. The results show that career opportunities, culture, and personal interest have a significant effect. These findings indicate that students' decisions are guided more by pragmatic considerations and cultural values than by personal aspects or digital information. This study concludes that students need access to more accurate career information and guidance services that can balance their interests, potential, and career prospects, and recommends further understanding of the dynamics of major selection.
Analysis of Students’ Difficulties in Solving Statistics Problems Based on the SOLO Taxonomy Classification and Students’ Attitudes Toward Mathematics
This study aims to analyze students' difficulties in solving statistics problems and their attitudes toward mathematics among senior high school students in Purworejo Regency. It also aims to identify the types of difficulties students experience based on the SOLO taxonomy classification and students' attitudes toward mathematics, as well as to measure the relationship between students' attitudes toward mathematics and the level of difficulties they encounter. This study employs a mixed-methods approach with a exsplanatory squential research design. The study subjects consist of 391 senior high school students in Purworejo Regency, selected from 13 schools categorized as high, medium, and low levels using a stratified proportional random sampling technique. The research instruments include six statistics test questions, an attitude questionnaire with 30 statements, and an interview guide validated by experts. Data were collected through tests, questionnaires, and interviews.The findings indicate that the highest difficulty lies in the aspect of drawing conclusions, with a percentage of 80.59%, while the lowest difficulty is in conceptual understanding, at 48.67%. Based on the SOLO taxonomy classification, the highest level of difficulty is at the extended abstract level, reaching 75.68%, while the lowest is at the unistructural level, at 37.63%. Students' attitudes toward mathematics fall into the low category, with an average score of 66.36. The average attitude score for students in high-category schools is 75.77, in medium-category schools is 72.41, and in low-category schools is 50.92. There is a negative correlation between students' difficulties in solving statistics problems based on the SOLO taxonomy classification and their attitudes toward mathematics, with a correlation value of -0.113. This indicates that the more negative students' attitudes toward mathematics are, the greater their difficulties in solving statistics problems.
The Role of Women in Assuming Leadership from the Perspective of the Jurisprudence of Ahl Al-Bayt (Peace be Upon Them) and Hanafi Jurisprudence
This research examines the jurisprudential evidence regarding the permissibility of women's leadership from the perspective of the two jurisprudential schools of Ahl al-Bayt (peace be upon them) and Hanafi. In the jurisprudence of Ahl al-Bayt (peace be upon them), by relying on Quranic principles such as justice, human dignity, and the principle of not stipulating maleness, many jurists believe there is no explicit prohibition on women holding leadership positions, with scholarly and ethical competence being the main criterion. In contrast, Hanafi jurisprudence, based on certain narrations and specific interpretations of verses, proposes limitations on women holding high political offices, although in the administrative, educational, and social spheres, it deems women's participation permissible and even necessary. The evidence presented by proponents of its permissibility in both schools emphasizes the principle of justice, the actual ability of women, and historical examples of their roles in early Islam. Opponents primarily rely on the verse "Men are the maintainers (qawwamun) of women" (4:34) and certain narrations. However, from the perspective of many contemporary jurists, this evidence does not definitively indicate a prohibition on women's leadership. The research result indicates that the differences of opinion are largely due to variations in methods of jurisprudential inference and historical-social conditions, and a re-reading of this evidence can provide a basis for redefining the position of women in political leadership.
Differentiated Worksheet, An Alternative Way to Increase Students’ Learning Motivation
Learning motivation becomes one of the fundamental factors in determining students’ academic achievement and engagement in classroom activities. The current study aims at investigating the impact of Differentiated Worksheet in increasing students’ learning motivation through a mixed-method approach with a quasi-experimental design. The participants consisted of 66 eighth-grade students who were divided into an experimental class and a control class. The experimental class was given intervention using Differentiated Worksheet, while the control class received conventional instruction without differentiation. Quantitative data were collected through pre-tests and post-tests to measure students’ academic performance, whereas qualitative data were obtained from classroom observations and short student interviews to explore changes in learning behavior and motivation. The quantitative findings revealed that students in the experimental class showed a significantly higher improvement in post-test scores compared to those in the control class, indicating a positive impact of Differentiated Worksheet on learning outcomes. Qualitative findings further supported these results, showing that students became more engaged, confident, and actively involved in classroom activities. Observations and interview data indicated that Differentiated Worksheet helped students feel more comfortable with learning tasks that matched their levels of ability, thereby increasing their motivation and participation. Thus, the integration of quantitative and qualitative data demonstrates that Differentiated Worksheet is an effective instructional strategy for enhancing students’ learning motivation and supporting academic achievement of various type of students. Keywords: Learning Motivation, Differentiated Worksheet, Differentiated Instruction
Musical Transformation of the Cowongan Tradition in Cilacap, Central Java
The Cowongan tradition was originally a sacred ritual of rain invocation practiced by agrarian communities, using a puppet as the medium and collective vocal chants without instrumental accompaniment as the core of the procession. Over time, Cowongan has transformed into a performing art, with the most prominent indicator of change evident in its musical presentation. This study aims to describe and analyze the transformation of Cowongan’s musical presentation in Kubang Wungu Hamlet, Pekuncen Village, Kroya Subdistrict, Cilacap Regency. The research employed a qualitative approach with ethnographic and ethnomusicological perspectives. Data were collected through participant observation, in-depth interviews with elders and practitioners, audio-visual documentation, and local archival sources. Validity was ensured through triangulation of sources, techniques, and time, while analysis was conducted using reduction, thematic presentation, and conclusion drawing within Alan P. Merriam’s concept–behavior–sound framework. The findings reveal that Cowongan underwent gradual transformation: from a sacred ritual with collective vocal performance without instruments, to a revitalization phase with broader participation and simple accompaniment, and eventually into an organized performing art featuring formal art groups, traditional instruments, the role of a sinden (female vocalist), stage arrangements, costumes, as well as sound technology and documentation support. These changes signify a shift in Cowongan’s function from an agrarian ritual to a public performance, expanding its audience and opening economic opportunities, while simultaneously posing challenges in maintaining ritual authenticity and meaning.
The Literature of Immigration in Spain During the Last Two Decades (2000–2020)
Over the past two decades, immigration literature in Spain has emerged as a significant field of scholarly inquiry within broader debates on identity, interculturality, and globalization. Since the beginning of the twenty-first century, the marked increase in migratory flows to Spain has led to the emergence of new literary voices situated in spaces of cultural, linguistic, and symbolic transition. These narratives are shaped by experiences of displacement, processes of social and cultural integration, and the articulation of plural and hybrid identities. This study examines the evolution of immigration literature in Spain between 2000 and 2020, identifying representative authors, dominant thematic concerns, and patterns of critical reception. Furthermore, it explores how these literary works challenge and reconsider established notions of the Spanish literary canon while contributing to the enrichment of Spain’s cultural landscape through perspectives of cultural hybridity, interculturality, and gender.
Prioritizing Dimensions and Indicators of Social Responsibility of Islamic Banks (Case Study of Afghan Banks)
The specialized duties of banks are providing financial resources and equipping resources in an optimal way, and they always try to maximize the economic profit of shareholders and beneficiaries. In addition to specialized duties, banks have social responsibility (CRS) for their performance to the society in which they operate. The social responsibility of assets has different dimensions; economic dimension, cultural and social dimension, environmental dimension and moral dimension The aim of this research is to rank the dimensions, components and indicators of social responsibility of Islamic banks and the areas of its realization in Afghan banks. To achieve this goal, the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) method has been used. First, the effective factors were identified and all calculations were done in ExpertChoice software. The findings from the prioritization of different dimensions show that the environmental dimension is in the first place with a weight of 0.32, the economic dimension is in the second place with a weight of 0.309, the ethical dimension is in the third place with a weight of 0.21, and the social dimension is in the fourth place with a weight of 0.156. The research method in this research was field and questionnaire, and the statistical population studied was six Afghan banks.
Motives for Using Anonymous Chatbot Features on Telegram among Generation Z
This study aims to analyze the motives for using anonymous chatbot features on Telegram among Generation Z. This research employs a qualitative phenomenological approach within a constructivist paradigm. Data were collected through in-depth interviews and observation of Generation Z users who actively use anonymous chatbot features on Telegram. The theoretical framework is based on Alfred Schutz’s phenomenological theory, particularly the concepts of because motives and in-order-to motives. The findings indicate that the dominant motives for using anonymous chatbot features include social interaction needs, privacy and security concerns, emotional expression, and self-identity exploration. This study contributes to digital communication research by providing a deeper understanding of subjective motives underlying anonymous digital interactions among Generation Z.
Grammatical and Lexical Cohesion in Charlie Chaplin's "The Great Dictator" Speech: A Quantitative Content Analysis
This quantitative content analysis examines grammatical and lexical cohesion in Charlie Chaplin's final speech from The Great Dictator (1940), applying Halliday and Hasan's (1976) framework. Analysis of the 1,200-word transcript reveals reference (78.82%, n=67) as the dominant grammatical device, followed by repetition (67.30%, n=35) in lexical cohesion. Personal pronouns ("I," "we," "you") create intimacy and solidarity, while lexical reiteration ("men," "greed") builds rhetorical urgency. Findings offer EFL pedagogical insights for teaching discourse cohesion in multicultural Indonesian classrooms.
Extradition of Criminals and Its Implementation with an Emphasis on the Afghan Extradition Law
Extradition of criminals is a prominent example of international judicial cooperation, which is based on various foundations such as international treaties, custom and international practice, domestic laws, and general principles of law. It is carried out politically, judicially, and through mixed methods. To better implement this rule and institutionalize it, the legislators of countries and international procedures have considered conditions and principles such as non-extradition of nationals, political and military criminals, double criminality, respecting the rights of suspects and defendants, international conventions, the principle of specialty, prohibition of double jeopardy, etc. Afghanistan's legislator has approved the law in this regard and has concluded extradition agreements with various countries, including the United Arab Emirates, Tajikistan, and Iran. This research aims to explore the state of extradition of criminals in Afghanistan and identify its foundations, extradition methods, conditions, and general principles according to the Afghan Extradition Law, judicial cooperation of the Afghan government, and the extradition agreement between Afghanistan and the United Arab Emirates and the Islamic Republic of Iran. It appears that Afghanistan's extradition system is semi-judicial and semi-political-administrative.
Financial Psychology in the Gaming World: Determinants of Robux Purchase Behavior in Roblox
This study aims to analyze the influence of financial literacy, financial attitudes, income, peers, and locus of control on the financial management behavior of Roblox players who purchase Robux. The data used in this study is quantitative data sourced from a questionnaire. The sampling technique used was purposive sampling and snowball sampling with the Structural Equation Model (SEM) method using AMOS. The results show that financial literacy, financial attitudes, income, peers, and locus of control have a significant positive influence on financial management behavior in Roblox players who purchase Robux. Based on the results, a relatively good level of financial literacy, financial attitudes, income, peers, and locus of control contribute to shaping good financial management behavior in the future of Roblox players
Development of Problem Based Learning (PBL) Based Interactive Multimedia on the Topic of Absolute Value Equations and Inequalities Systems
This research and development (R&D) study successfully created and validated an interactive multimedia product based on Problem-Based Learning (PBL) for teaching the topic of One-Variable Absolute Value Equations and Inequalities Systems. Utilizing the systematic Four-D (Define, Design, Develop, Disseminate) model, the study aimed to address the lack of engaging and contextually relevant instructional media in mathematics education at SMA Muhammadiyah 2 Metro. The development process involved a comprehensive needs analysis, iterative prototyping, and rigorous expert validation. The final product, available as an installable Android application (.apk) and a direct-access presentation file (.pptx), effectively integrates text, animation, images, and audio to create an immersive learning experience anchored in real-world problem-solving scenarios. Validation results from two content experts and two media experts confirmed the product's high feasibility, with average scores of 91.5% and 85%, respectively, categorized as "Very Feasible." Furthermore, a small-group trial involving seven students demonstrated its exceptional practicality, achieving an average score of 90% ("Very Practical"). These findings affirm that the developed PBL-based interactive multimedia not only meets stringent design and pedagogical standards but is also highly usable and well-received by the target learners. The study concludes that this multimedia tool is a viable and practical innovation for supporting active, student-centered mathematics instruction. Recommendations for future work include optimizing the application's file size, disseminating it through public platforms like the Google Play Store, and conducting effectiveness trials to empirically measure its impact on improving students' mathematical problem-solving abilities.
Foundational Beliefs of Muslim Scholars with an Emphasis on Avicenna's Ideas
Following Avicenna’s assertion about the “justification” of beliefs, Muslim scholars divide human beliefs into two categories: primary self-evident truths and non-self-evident primary truths. In this approach, primary premises are intrinsically affirmed and understood by perceiving the components of the preposition and the connection of the components with each other. Moreover, non-primary premises are confirmed through assertion and reasoning. This study assessed the approach adopted by Muslim scholars, especially Avicenna, and addressed its possible ambiguities. The findings showed that this approach can be used as an effective solution for justifying beliefs based on foundationalism theory.
The Model of Managing Cultural Diversity in Educational Organizations Based on Islamic Teachings
Today, educational organizations in Islamic societies are facing an unprecedented challenge in managing cultural diversity. Increased migration, globalization, and intercultural interactions have significantly diversified the demographic composition of students, teachers, and staff. Although diversity in itself represents an opportunity for cultural enrichment and mutual learning, in practice—due to the absence of indigenous management models aligned with Islamic values—it has evolved into profound challenges. Issues such as cultural conflicts arising from linguistic, religious, and ethnic differences are among the consequences of this situation. This theoretical and practical gap has placed educational organizations in Islamic countries at serious risk. The primary objective of this research is to design a model for managing cultural diversity in educational organizations based on Islamic teachings, in a way that responds to key needs. Employing a qualitative approach and using an ijtihadi method in Islamic texts (the Quran, hadiths, and interpretations by Muslim scholars), along with a documentary study of existing management models, this research extracts and integrates key components such as dignity and respect, justice and fairness, cultural dialogue, individual-organization alignment, leadership, and participatory management. The findings indicate that Islamic teachings not only reinforce diversity as an opportunity but also prevent cultural confrontation while preserving and strengthening Islamic identity within educational organizations.
The Necessity of Preventing Harm as Much as Possible (A Comparative Study in Hanafi and Ja‘fari Jurisprudence)
The necessity of preventing harm to the extent of one’s ability is a rational, religious, and comprehensive principle applied across all branches of Islamic jurisprudence, including acts of worship and transactions. The ruling to avoid harm as much as possible or to minimize it when complete prevention is difficult is not only a rational command but also supported by Qur’anic and hadith evidence and is among the principles recognized by various schools of Islamic law. This rule serves as a secondary and supplementary foundation to many other jurisprudential principles, particularly those concerning the obligation to remove harm. It also functions as a moral and legal criterion for defining the boundaries of responsibility. The main idea is that every person—whether as an individual, ruler, or responsible institution—is religiously and rationally obligated to prevent harm to the extent of their capability. However, they are not accountable for harm that they cannot avert. The necessity of preventing harm within the limits of one’s ability has widespread applications in all fields, such as legitimizing preventive measures to stop the spread of diseases, protecting society from harm, promoting positive social conduct and preventing aggression, drafting occupational safety laws, and preventing construction that harms neighbors. Although the explicit meaning of the rule indicates the obligation to prevent harm as much as possible, its implicit meaning also includes removing existing harm, observing the degrees of harm, and preventing harm through the easiest possible means.
China’s Investments in Afghanistan and Their Impact on Its Engagement with Other Major Powers
With the expansion of China’s investments in Afghanistan—particularly in the sectors of mining, infrastructure, and projects related to the Belt and Road Initiative—a new transformation has emerged in the geopolitics of Central and South Asia. These developments have triggered serious concerns among major regional and global powers, including the United States, the Russian Federation, and the Republic of India. The main purpose of this study is to analyze the dimensions and sources of these countries’ concerns regarding China’s increasing presence in Afghanistan and to assess its implications for the regional balance of power and China’s interactions with other major powers. This research employs a descriptive–analytical method and uses data collected through specialized questionnaires distributed among political analysts and international relations experts. The findings reveal that India perceives China’s investments as a threat to its economic interests, geopolitical influence, and national security—particularly in relation to competition over natural resources and the diminishing of New Delhi’s traditional influence in Afghanistan. The United States, on the other hand, is concerned about the weakening of Western influence and the emergence of an Asia-centric order led by China, which could challenge Washington’s strategic and economic interests. Russia, while benefiting from the decline of Western presence in Afghanistan, nevertheless views China’s expanding role in its traditional sphere of influence (Central Asia) with caution and uncertainty. Overall, the study shows that China’s economic presence in Afghanistan not only intensifies regional competition with India but also becomes a new source of divergence among major powers. It is therefore anticipated that Afghanistan will become a significant arena in the future geopolitical competition among China, the United States, Russia, and India.
Exploring the Role of the Insan Cendekia Excellence Program in Students’ Academic Achievement at SMAN 2 Mataram
This study aims to evaluate the implementation of the Insan Cendekia Flagship Program at SMAN 2 Mataram in enhancing students’ academic achievement using the CIPP evaluation model (Context, Input, Process, Product). The study employed a qualitative approach with a descriptive design. Research subjects included the school principal, vice principals, program coordinator, supervising teachers, students, and parents. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews, participatory observations, and document analysis, and were subsequently analyzed using the interactive model of Miles and Huberman.The results indicate that, in terms of context, the Insan Cendekia Program is designed in alignment with the school’s vision, mission, and academic needs, and receives strong support from parents and the school environment. Regarding input, the program is supported by competent human resources, adequate facilities, a relevant curriculum, and sustainable funding. In terms of process, the program is implemented according to plan, providing intensive, scheduled, and periodically monitored academic guidance, although minor challenges remain manageable. Concerning product, the program has a positive impact on students’ academic achievement, as evidenced by improvements in report card grades, academic performance indices, achievements in academic competitions, and the number of students admitted to universities through the National Selection Based on Achievement (SNBP). Overall, the Insan Cendekia Flagship Program is considered effective and feasible to maintain and further develop as a model of sustainable academic guidance at the secondary school level.
Determination of the Name Change of the South China Sea Becoming the North Natuna Sea Reviewed from United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea 1982
This study analyzes the determination of the change of the name of the South China Sea to the North Natuna Sea from the perspective of international law, especially based on the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) 1982. The main focus is on how the regulation of maritime areas under UNCLOS 1982 and the Indonesian government's actions in defending sovereignty in the North Natuna Sea face China's unilateral claims. This analysis confirms that Indonesia's determination to rename the South China Sea to the North Natuna Sea is based on recognized international law, especially the 1982 UNCLOS. China's unilateral claims, including the Nine-Dash Line and traditional fishing grounds, are not recognized under the 1982 UNCLOS and are considered a violation of Indonesia's sovereign rights. Indonesia has taken concrete steps to defend its sovereignty, including registering the name change with the International Hydrographic Organization (IHO) and keeping it at the United Nations Headquarters, ensuring international recognition of Indonesia's claims. In addition, Indonesia has increased its defense capabilities in the Natuna region through military build-ups, including building military bases and conducting patrols, and has engaged in diplomatic efforts. These comprehensive measures demonstrate Indonesia's commitment to upholding international law and protecting its national interests from external claims.
Lexical and Contextual Analysis of the Term "Ṣawm" in Nahj al-Balāgha
One of the key concepts employed in Nahj al-Balāgha is the term "ṣawm," which holds profound significance from theological, educational, political, and jurisprudential (fiqhī) perspectives within this esteemed text. This research adopts a descriptive-analytical textual approach for data analysis and a library-based methodology for material collection. It extracts all instances of "ṣawm" and its derivatives in Nahj al-Balāgha while conducting lexical and contextual analyses. Findings indicate that "ṣawm" and its derivatives occur a total of 12 times, extending beyond its literal meaning to function as an educational-political instrument. Specifically, it manifests in political contexts (reprimand of women, superiority of soul-reform, attention to congregational leadership duties of provincial governors) and divine rituals (shield against punishment, alms of the body and soul-struggle, factor of examination and testing).
Re-conceptualizing Academic Supervision through Digital Peer-Based Models: Evidence from Selected State Senior High Schools in Mataram
In this study, we analyze the limitations of traditional academic monitoring of senior high schools. This approach takes time, is frequently manual, and poorly documented. In many schools, face-to-face observation and paper-based methods remain the staples of supervision. It negatively affects teacher continuing professional development, as the results show low efficiency, no follow-up, and poor cooperation of the teachers. To redress this, the study aims to develop a new paradigm of peer academic supervision based on digital platforms, which is more efficient, transparent, and useful. The research used an research and development approach applied in three state senior high schools in Mataram City. This comprised the following studies: needs analysis, model design, expert validation, small group trials, product revision, and large group trials. The supervision model was developed in Excel Online with OneDrive. Data were collected by questionnaires, interviews, observation, and documentation. Data indicate that all participating teachers felt that digital-based supervision was needed. Of the participants, 39.3 percent reported a high need, while 60.7 percent reported a very high need. Its expert validation of 88.79% and 79.17% reflects high feasibility. The effectiveness in the large-group experiment was 87.3%. A reliability test gave a Cronbach's Alpha of 0.736, and a significant 30.58% increase in performance was found over manual supervision. The research findings suggest that enhancing teacher’s performance may be obtained through the application of the digitally assisted peer academic supervision method.
Social and Political Transformations in the Timurid Period, with a Focus on the Structure of Power under Shāhrukh Mirzā
The Timurid period, particularly during the reign of Shāhrukh Mirzā, was marked by a profound transformation in the understanding and exercise of power. In the historiography of the Timurid dynasty, Timur is commonly depicted as the founder of a militaristic and authoritarian form of rule, one that relied on continuous and often ruthless conquests to establish a conception of sovereignty grounded in coercion and personal authority. However, with the accession of Shāhrukh Mirzā to power, a more nuanced perception of the tension between physical and symbolic forms of power emerged, prompting a shift in the structure of governance from predominantly military models toward bureaucracy, institutionalization, and cultural rationality. The principal objective of this study is to demonstrate how, during the reign of Shāhrukh Mirzā, power evolved from a physical and person-centered phenomenon into a structured, rational, and institution-based system, and was subsequently redefined as a cultural and intellectual construct. Employing a descriptive–analytical methodology and drawing on library-based sources, court historiographies, administrative records, and the cultural and architectural productions of the period, this research offers a renewed examination of transformations in power within the Timurid political order. The findings indicate that under Shāhrukh Mirzā, the model of governance shifted from an emphasis on military dominance toward bureaucratic administration and the active participation of cultural and religious elites. Furthermore, the role of women—most notably exemplified by Gawhar Shād Begum—attained a level of managerial and political influence that can be understood as a reconfiguration, and indeed a reconstruction, of prevailing forms of governance. Ultimately, by foregrounding knowledge and culture, Shāhrukh Mirzā relocated power from the realm of coercion to that of thought, rendering it a rational, meaning-laden, and structured phenomenon.
The Role of Brand Image in Mediating the Influence of Online Customer Reviews and Brand Ambassador Credibility on Purchase Decisions
The rapid growth of the cosmetic industry encourages companies to understand better the factors influencing consumers' purchase decisions. Online customer reviews and the use of brand ambassadors have become widely adopted marketing strategies to shape brand image in consumers' minds. This study focuses on Generation Z consumers of Skintific in Bali as a case study to analyze the effect of online customer reviews and brand ambassador credibility on purchase decisions, with brand image as a mediating variable. This study aims to examine the direct and indirect effects of online customer reviews and brand ambassador credibility on purchase decisions through brand image. The research population consists of Generation Z Skintific consumers in Bali. The sampling technique used was purposive sampling, involving 170 respondents. Data were collected through questionnaire distribution, and data analysis was conducted using variance-based Structural Equation Modeling (SEM). The results indicate that online customer reviews and brand ambassador credibility have a positive and significant effect on brand image and purchase decisions. Furthermore, brand image is proven to partially mediate the effect of online customer reviews and brand ambassador credibility on the purchase decisions of Generation Z Skintific consumers in Bali. These findings provide empirical contributions to the development of marketing studies, particularly in understanding consumer purchasing behavior in the cosmetic industry.
Strategic Management of Transformational Leadership of School Principals in Improving the Quality of Graduates
This study aims to analyze in depth the implementation of strategic management through the transformational leadership of school principals in improving the quality of graduates at SMA Negeri 1 Mataram and SMA Negeri 8 Mataram. This study uses a qualitative, multi-case design, allowing researchers to comprehensively understand leadership and strategic management through in-depth analysis of each case and cross-case analysis. Data collection techniques were carried out through in-depth interviews, participant observation, and documentation studies with research subjects of principals, vice principals, teachers, and school planning documents. Data analysis was carried out thematically through the stages of data reduction, data presentation, drawing conclusions, and cross-case analysis to identify patterns of similarity and uniqueness across schools. The results of the study indicate that improvements in graduates' quality in both schools are the result of the integration of systematically implemented strategic management and strong transformational leadership by school principals. In the environmental scanning stage, principals at both schools actively read internal and external conditions based on data, program reflections, and the dynamics of educational policies, resulting in a mapping of student needs, environmental characteristics, and opportunities for developing graduate quality. In the strategy formulation stage, the results of the environmental scan are translated into visionary and contextual strategic policies and programs, with graduate quality as the main objective, encompassing attitudes, knowledge, skills, and career paths. In the strategy implementation stage, transformational leadership is realized through teacher empowerment, proportional role distribution, school culture, and the implementation of academic and non-academic programs that have a direct impact on the learning process and student development. Furthermore, in the strategy evaluation stage, evaluation is carried out continuously and based on data through the use of Education Report Cards, internal reflection, and stakeholder involvement, thereby providing a basis for continuous improvement and strengthening strategies. Cross-case analysis shows that SMA Negeri 1 Mataram tends to optimize the advantages of input and strong institutional capital to strengthen the achievement of graduate quality, while SMA Negeri 8 Mataram emphasizes the ability to transform input limitations through adaptive and humanistic management of the educational process. This finding confirms that graduate quality is not solely determined by the quality of student input, but is highly dependent on the principal's transformational leadership in integrating all stages of strategic management consistently, reflectively, and continuously improving.
Developing LKS Using a Realistic Approach to Improve Students’ Mathematical Problem-Solving Abilities
This study aims to produce LKS with a realistic approach to improve the problem-solving abilities of high school students in grade XI of linear programming material that meet the criteria of valid, practical, and effective. This study uses the ADDIE model, which goes through five stages: analysis, design, development, implementation, and evaluation. The subjects of this study consisted of 32 students in grade XI IPA 1 of SMA Negeri 6 Medan. The results of the study show: (1) The results of the LKS validation assessment based on material experts and media experts are both 85.07% included in the "very valid" category. The results of the validation assessment based on the teacher response questionnaire are 86.81% included in the "very valid" category, and based on the student response questionnaire, 87.5% are included in the "very valid" category. (2) The results of the practicality data analysis are the readability of the LKS that have been developed, with the average results showing that ≥70% are included in the "practical" category, but there are suggestions and input from students. The results of the practicality analysis based on the teacher's response questionnaire obtained a percentage of 85% included in the "very practical" category, and based on the average response questionnaire of class XI IPA 1 students, 88% were included in the "very practical" category; (3) The results of the effectiveness data analysis are the results of the student's post-test percentage of 87.5%, which means it is effective so that problem-solving abilities increase, and the N-Gain value of 0.63, or the "medium" category, is said to be effective.
Patriarchal Criminalization and the Weakening of Human Rights Norms in the International System
Criminalization in all human societies is regarded as one of the necessary tools in the hands of governments to confront anti-social behaviors. To prevent governments from attacking individuals' freedoms and human rights under the pretext of criminalization, legal experts have proposed several criteria for criminalization. These criteria are known as the “principles of criminalization.” One of the principles of criminalization is legal paternalism, under which the criterion for criminalization is the discretion of the authorities. According to this criterion, criminalization can pose a serious threat to human rights, particularly to individual freedoms, equality, and human dignity. This research seeks to, through an analytical-descriptive approach, define and explain criminalization in light of the principle of legal paternalism, while also addressing the risks and challenges this type of criminalization poses to citizens' human rights and demonstrating how criminalization based on “legal paternalism” can threaten citizens' human rights. At the same time, this research proposes solutions for moderating criminalization in the context of legal patriarchy.The research findings indicate that criminalization within the framework of legal patriarchy, if applied indefinitely and unconditionally, can jeopardize many of citizens' human rights, including, freedom, equality, and human dignity, and their right to grow and mature, are threatened; because under the principle of legal patriarchy, the government's hands are free to criminalize, and it can, under the pretext of “exercising its discretion,” engage in broad and unnecessary criminalization that leads to the violation of citizens' rights. Ultimately, to counter these dangers, it is recommended that governments criminalize only in specialized cases and with genuine, acceptable justifications, taking greater care to consider the will of the people and international considerations. Furthermore, criminalization should be avoided in public and social spheres where people are capable of sound judgment, so that while preserving the public interest, individual rights and civil liberties are protected.