International Journal of Multicultural and Multireligious Understanding
type: channel
description: International Journal of Multicultural and Multireligious Understanding (IJMMU) ISSN 2364-5369 is an international, double-blind peer-reviewed, open-access journal covering the study of topics in the social & Humanities aims to provide a forum for high quality research related to social sciences and humanities research. The main Areas relevant to the scope of the journal is social science studies and also the journal focuses on the following topics: Anthropology Sociology Psychology Politics Management Economics Law History Culture Business Studies Linguistics Ethnic Relations Immigration and Migrant Workers Studies Multicultural studies Sports science Public relations Educational Research Communication Peace Studies Religious Studies It provides an academic platform for professionals and researchers to contribute innovative work in the field. The journal carries original and full-length articles that reflect the latest research and developments in both theoretical and practical aspects of society and human behavior. The journal is published in both print and online versions. The online version is free access and download. IJMMU accepts submission of mainly four types: Original Articles, Short Communications, Reviews, and Proposals for special issues.
publisher: International Journal of Multicultural and Multireligious Understanding (IJMMU)
language: en-US
publication name: International Journal of Multicultural and Multireligious Understanding
issn: 2364-5369
copyright: Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms: Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal. Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal. Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (See The Effect of Open Access).
items: Development of an Inquiry-Based Learning Website Oriented Toward Students’ Self-Efficacy
items: Criminal Liability Termination of Vegetative State from Perspective of Islamic Jurisprudence
items: The Persona and Shadow of Young Hye in Han Kang’s Novel Vegetarian
items: Fostering Mathematical Conceptual Understanding through ChatGPT-Assisted Discovery Learning
items: A Comparative-Analytical Approach to Political and Judicial Review of the Constitution in France and the United States: From the Constitutional Council to the Supreme Court
items: Perception, Animo, and Expectations Towards the Development of Regional Language, Literature, and Culture
items: Improving Financial Literacy as an Effort to Achieve Economic Equity through Educational Board Games
items: Reducing Language Anxiety through Scaffolding in EFL Classrooms
items: Father’s Parenting Awareness with Stunted Toddlers
items: The Paradigm of Art Education and Assumptions About the Application of Thomas Aquinas' Aesthetic Theory in Indonesia
items: Empowering Young Writers through Picture-Mediated Instruction: A Study at SMP Negeri 2 Mamuju
items: Similarities and Differences in the Conditions of an Ideal Ruler from the Perspective of the Imamiyyah and Sunni Schools
items: The Effectiveness of Mathematics Learning with an Open-Ended Approach Reviewed from Students' Self-Regulated Learning
items: Ecological Citizenship as a Global Responsibility: A New Ethic for a Sustainable World
items: Integrating Multiple Intelligences into Project-Based Learning: Its Potential to Enhance Students’ Mathematical Literacy and Curiosity
items: Political–Security Strategies for Conflict Resolution in Pakistan Based on Maximum Participation According to the Jurisprudence of Ahl al-Bayt
items: AI and the Future of Islamic Pedagogy: Developing an Ethical Framework for Hybrid Religious Learning
items: The Educational Model of Tolerance with an Approach to Islamic Sources
items: Restorative Justice and Juveniles in Afghan Law
items: Scientific Analysis of Limits and Retribution (Hudud and Qisas) in Support of Human Dignity
items: The Influence of Work Motivation and Principal Leadership on Teacher Performance at SMK Tiwikrama Mamuju
items: Analysis of the Transformation of School Supervisors' Roles and Its Implications for Strengthening School Management in North Lombok Regency
items: Evaluation of the Collaborative Managerial Supervision Program Among School Principals in Cluster 10, Pujut District, Central Lombok Regency

Development of an Inquiry-Based Learning Website Oriented Toward Students’ Self-Efficacy
type: item
description: This study aims to: (1) develop and describe the characteristics of inquiry-based learning websites oriented towards student self-efficacy in geometry, and (2) describe the feasibility of these learning websites in terms of validity, practicality, and effectiveness. This research is a Research and Development (R&D) study using the ADDIE (analysis, design, development, implementation, and evaluation) development model. The research was conducted at a Muhammadiyah junior high school in Depok, Yogyakarta, which was selected using purposive random sampling. The results of the study show that (1) an inquiry-based learning website oriented towards self-efficacy has been developed, and (2) the website meets the feasibility criteria with a validity level of “valid” in terms of material and “highly valid” in terms of media. In terms of practicality, the website was rated “highly practical” by teachers, ‘practical’ by students, and “highly practical” in terms of learning implementation. Effectiveness tests showed a significant increase in student self-efficacy after using the website, accompanied by the achievement of classical mastery. Thus, the learning website is declared feasible for use based on its validity, practicality, and effectiveness.
creator: I Made Agus Dian Kusuma Wijaya
creator: Sri Andayani
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 International Journal of Multicultural and Multireligious Understanding http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2025-11-27
publication date: 2025-11-27
volume: 12
number: 12
starting page: 1
ending page: 9
doi: 10.18415/ijmmu.v12i12.7201

Criminal Liability Termination of Vegetative State from Perspective of Islamic Jurisprudence
type: item
description: The termination of Vegetative state is among the emerging crimes whose criminal liability in this writing has been explained in a descriptive-analytical manner and has been compiled by the library method. Vegetative state is a medical term and means a life in which the patient, due to the death of the cerebral cortex and the living of its stem, only possesses involuntary activities such as growth, development, evolution, heartbeat, respiration, digestion, and similar ones, but does not benefit from actions such as speech, cognition, sensation, and voluntary movement. Research in recognizing the ruling and inferring the jurisprudential ruling regarding the cessation of Vegetative state showed that the Termination of any stage (Vegetative state, animal life and human life) from the stages of human life has a different and separate criminal liability relative to the other stages. By relying on valid jurisprudential evidence, it was concluded that the criminal liability for the Termination of Vegetative state is the same as the criminal liability for the Termination of the life of a fetus (before the blowing of the soul). For a better understanding of the subject, it is suggested that the criminal liability of the Termination of Vegetative state from the perspective of Islamic jurisprudence be investigated comparatively with common law.
creator: Mohammad Zaher Mohammadi
creator: Jalal al-Din Qiyasi
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 International Journal of Multicultural and Multireligious Understanding http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2025-11-27
publication date: 2025-11-27
volume: 12
number: 12
starting page: 10
ending page: 20
doi: 10.18415/ijmmu.v12i12.7206

The Persona and Shadow of Young Hye in Han Kang’s Novel Vegetarian
type: item
description: This article analyzes the character Young Hye in Han Kang's novel Vegetarian using Carl Gustav Jung's literary psychology approach, specifically the concepts of persona and shadow archetypes. The purpose of this study is to identify the dynamics of Young Hye's personality based on three narrative perspectives. The method used is qualitative research with literature study techniques. The results show a tension between the suppressed social persona and the shadow that emerges through bodily resistance. The conclusion of this study highlights an identity crisis resulting from the conflict between social structure and the unconscious mind.
creator: Reny Yulianti Manyang
creator: Kastam Syamsi
creator: Anwar Efendi
creator: Hartono Hartono
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 International Journal of Multicultural and Multireligious Understanding http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2025-11-28
publication date: 2025-11-28
volume: 12
number: 12
starting page: 21
ending page: 39
doi: 10.18415/ijmmu.v12i12.7217

Fostering Mathematical Conceptual Understanding through ChatGPT-Assisted Discovery Learning
type: item
description: This study examines the impact of the Discovery Learning model assisted by ChatGPT on students’ mathematical conceptual understanding. Employing a quasi-experimental Non-Equivalent (Pretest–Posttest) Control Group design, two classes participated: one received instruction through Discovery Learning integrated with ChatGPT, while the control group was taught using Direct Instruction. The conceptual understanding test, validated and confirmed reliable, assessed five indicators of mathematical understanding. The results revealed that the experimental group achieved significantly higher posttest scores and greater normalized gains (N-Gain = 0.212) compared to the control group (N-Gain = 0.131). Notably, the most substantial improvement occurred in transforming mathematical representations. These findings suggest that incorporating ChatGPT within Discovery Learning fosters deeper conceptual understanding through adaptive feedback, guided reasoning, and reflective engagement, highlighting its potential as an effective pedagogical innovation for mathematics education in the digital era.
creator: Dian Nur Utami
creator: Sugiman Sugiman
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 International Journal of Multicultural and Multireligious Understanding http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2025-11-28
publication date: 2025-11-28
volume: 12
number: 12
starting page: 40
ending page: 48
doi: 10.18415/ijmmu.v12i12.7200

A Comparative-Analytical Approach to Political and Judicial Review of the Constitution in France and the United States: From the Constitutional Council to the Supreme Court
type: item
description: This article aims to provide a comparative examination of two prominent models of constitutional review—political review in France and judicial review in the United States—by analyzing the structures, theoretical foundations, and social implications of these two systems. The research methodology employed is a comparative, descriptive-critical analysis that, drawing on primary sources and contemporary legal developments, clarifies the differences and commonalities between the two models. The findings reveal that political review in France stems from the tradition of parliamentary supremacy and a concern over “judicial government,” whereas in the United States, ex post judicial review is considered a tool for controlling majority power and protecting fundamental rights. The article also demonstrates that France has moved toward greater flexibility by combining both ex ante and ex post review (since 2010), while the U.S. emphasizes judicial interpretation within the context of concrete cases. Finally, through a functional comparison of institutional status, voting procedures, and social impact of rulings, the article analyzes the strengths and limitations of each system and offers recommendations for designing effective constitutional review mechanisms.
creator: Najiburrahman Taraki
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 International Journal of Multicultural and Multireligious Understanding http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2025-11-29
publication date: 2025-11-29
volume: 12
number: 12
starting page: 49
ending page: 66
doi: 10.18415/ijmmu.v12i12.7259

Perception, Animo, and Expectations Towards the Development of Regional Language, Literature, and Culture
type: item
description: Based on a survey conducted by the Language and Book Development Agency, Ministry of Education and Culture conducted from 1991 to 2019, Indonesia has 718 regional languages. This linguistic richness has given birth to a wealth of literature and culture (Saphir Whorf's Theory of Language Relativity). The richness of language, literature, and culture needs to be preserved and developed to achieve progress (Law No. 5 of 2017). That is why FBSB UNY opened a Doctoral Study Program in Language, Literature, and Regional Culture FBSB UNY which received an operational permit in 2024. As a new study program and predicted to be futuristic to advance regional languages, literature, and culture in Indonesia, it is necessary to explore how much enthusiasm and perception of the academic community towards the advancement of language, literature, and culture, their interest in becoming scientists of language, literature, and regional culture and their hopes for the advancement (development) of regional languages, literature, and culture. The research used an analytical survey method with a cross-sectional approach. The research subjects were 119 lecturers in charge of language, literature, and regional culture, IKADBUDI, ADISABDA, and various lecturers, researchers, and reviewers of various inter-, multi-, and transdisciplinary sciences who are members of APEBSKID. The instrument was a questionnaire developed using Google Forms. The questionnaire consisted of closed-ended and open-ended questions. Validation was carried out using construct validity and peer discussion. Analysis was carried out using descriptive statistics. The results showed that 57% had very high perceptions, enthusiasm, and expectations or strongly agreed, 36% had high perceptions, enthusiasm, and expectations or agreed, and 7% had less perceptions, enthusiasm, and expectations. With these results, it is hoped that input to Basatrada S3 will increase, as it comes from all over Indonesia, and the 2024 survey found …
creator: Galang Prastowo
creator: Suwarna Suwarna
creator: Venny Indria Ekowati
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 International Journal of Multicultural and Multireligious Understanding http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2025-11-29
publication date: 2025-11-29
volume: 12
number: 12
starting page: 67
ending page: 89
doi: 10.18415/ijmmu.v12i12.7198

Improving Financial Literacy as an Effort to Achieve Economic Equity through Educational Board Games
type: item
description: This study aims to analyze the effectiveness of educational board games in improving people's financial literacy as an effort to promote economic equity. The research employs a quasi-experimental approach with a pre-experimental one-group pretest-posttest design, involving 30 respondents aged 20–35 years. Data were analyzed using the Paired Sample T-test. The results show that the use of educational board games has a significant effect on improving people's financial literacy. This is evidenced by an increase in the average posttest score of financial literacy after the educational intervention through the board game. These findings support the use of educational board games as a tool to enhance financial literacy, which is essential for making economic decisions, thereby contributing to economic equality and poverty alleviation in Indonesia.
creator: Ayu May Lestari
creator: Kana Hidayati
creator: Hery Nugroho
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 International Journal of Multicultural and Multireligious Understanding http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2025-11-29
publication date: 2025-11-29
volume: 12
number: 12
starting page: 90
ending page: 99
doi: 10.18415/ijmmu.v12i12.7230

Reducing Language Anxiety through Scaffolding in EFL Classrooms
type: item
description: Anxiety in foreign language learning is a common challenge that frequently hinders students from actively participating in classroom activities. For instance, feelings of nervousness, fear of making mistakes, and worry about negative judgment often occur in English as a Foreign Language (EFL) classrooms. If not appropriately addressed, this anxiety can impact on students’ motivation and self-confidence in the long term. From this issue, this study aims to explore how teachers’ scaffolding can help students lower this anxiety. To obtain a comprehensive understanding of this issue, a case study design was employed, utilizing qualitative data collection approaches. This study utilized the FLCAS questionnaire, adapted from Horwitz et al. (1986), as an initial instrument to identify students' anxiety levels. To thoroughly address the research objectives, primary data were collected through semi-structured interviews with eight students and three teachers, selected through purposive sampling, as well as classroom observations. From the interview section, the data findings revealed that scaffolding techniques such as corrective feedback and collaborative learning were considered effective in creating a more supportive learning environment. As a contribution to the language teaching field, this study is expected to serve as a foundation for developing more responsive pedagogical practices and opening opportunities for future research into the effectiveness of scaffolding in various contexts.
creator: Kauna Karima
creator: Ari Purnawan
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 International Journal of Multicultural and Multireligious Understanding http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2025-12-01
publication date: 2025-12-01
volume: 12
number: 12
starting page: 100
ending page: 112
doi: 10.18415/ijmmu.v12i12.7192

Father’s Parenting Awareness with Stunted Toddlers
type: item
description: The father’s role in parenting significantly contributes to a child’s physical and psychological development. However, paternal involvement remains low, even in families with stunted children under five. This study aims to understand fathers’ parenting awareness toward stunted children and the meaning of their involvement in caregiving. The research employed a qualitative method with a phenomenological approach. Three fathers aged 25–40 years who have stunted children under five participated. Data were collected through in-depth interviews and analyzed inductively. The findings reveal that fathers’ parenting awareness is reflected in their ability to fulfill children’s basic needs, emotional involvement, and adaptability to the child’s condition. Differences emerged in their relationship patterns with their spouses. One participant actively accompanied his wife during pregnancy, while the other two focused more on meeting the child’s needs after birth. One participant also demonstrated denial regarding his child’s stunting condition. Overall, fathers’ parenting awareness manifested through empathy, responsibility, open communication, and cooperation with their partners. This study identifies a new aspect beyond existing theories: fathers’ awareness and concern in supporting their wives during pregnancy as an initial form of parenting involvement. These findings highlight the importance of enhancing fathers’ roles in parenting to prevent stunting and strengthen family well-being.
creator: Nurfuan Salsabila Wahana Wahid
creator: Fildzah Malahati
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 International Journal of Multicultural and Multireligious Understanding http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2025-12-01
publication date: 2025-12-01
volume: 12
number: 12
starting page: 113
ending page: 124
doi: 10.18415/ijmmu.v12i12.7193

The Paradigm of Art Education and Assumptions About the Application of Thomas Aquinas' Aesthetic Theory in Indonesia
type: item
description: The general public's view or paradigm of arts education as a means to achieve commercialism and produce profit-oriented artists is not entirely wrong. However, in reality, arts education, in both formal and informal learning processes, greatly helps students to not only develop their skills but also cultivate their senses. The formation and cultivation of skills and sensibilities in arts education should also be supported by a clear concept of what materials are important and of high quality to be provided to students. The application of Thomas Aquinas' aesthetic theory, which includes: 1) wholeness or perfection, 2) balance or harmony, and 3) brilliance or clarity, is expected to change how art education should shape quality human beings and artists, and then help change the negative paradigm of the general public about art education in Indonesia.
creator: Egidius Bagas Pinasthiko Aji
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 International Journal of Multicultural and Multireligious Understanding http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2025-12-04
publication date: 2025-12-04
volume: 12
number: 12
starting page: 125
ending page: 129
doi: 10.18415/ijmmu.v12i12.7191

Empowering Young Writers through Picture-Mediated Instruction: A Study at SMP Negeri 2 Mamuju
type: item
description: This study aims to improve students’ ability in writing descriptive texts through picture-mediated instruction at the second year of SMP Negeri 2 Mamuju. The research applied Classroom Action Research (CAR) which consisted of two cycles. Each cycle included planning, action, observation, and reflection. The participants were 37 students from class VIII. Data were collected through observation and writing tests conducted at the end of each cycle. The results revealed a consistent improvement in students’ writing performance. The mean score increased from 38.45 in the pre-test to 38.92 in cycle I and 42.92 in cycle II. The use of pictures as visual stimuli helped students generate ideas, organize sentences coherently, and use appropriate vocabulary. The findings indicate that picture-mediated instruction effectively enhances students’ engagement and descriptive writing skills. Therefore, it can be concluded that visual-based strategies are beneficial in fostering junior high school students’ writing competence, especially in descriptive text production.
creator: Fatmawati Fatmawati
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 International Journal of Multicultural and Multireligious Understanding http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2025-12-04
publication date: 2025-12-04
volume: 12
number: 12
starting page: 130
ending page: 136
doi: 10.18415/ijmmu.v12i12.7189

Similarities and Differences in the Conditions of an Ideal Ruler from the Perspective of the Imamiyyah and Sunni Schools
type: item
description: This comparative study examines the “conditions of an ideal ruler” in two Islamic legal traditions: The Imamiyyah and the Sunni schools. It aims to provide an integrated view of the similarities and divergences in the requirements for leadership as found in linguistic, jurisprudential, and theological texts. The research employs a descriptive-analytical approach based on library studies. First, the meaning of “ruler” is clarified in its dual usage (judge or governor), and then the conditions are categorized and compared as “general” and “specific.” The findings indicate that both traditions emphasize common traits such as Islam, reason, maturity, manhood, sound senses and faculties, courage, trustworthiness, and insight or political competence. In contrast, meaningful differences emerge regarding justice, ijtihad, Quraysh lineage, faith in the more specific sense (Imamiyyah affiliation), and purity of lineage: justice is a prerequisite for the validity and continuity of authority in the Imamiyyah, while in some Sunni sources it is considered a condition of perfection or non-essential; ijtihad is obligatory in the Imamiyyah, whereas among some Sunnis, knowledge combined with the possibility of consultation suffices; Quraysh lineage is important in many Sunni sources but not considered relevant in the Imamiyyah during the Occultation; and faith in the specific sense and purity of lineage are prominent conditions in Imamiyyah literature. The study ultimately presents a matrix of “minimum common requirements” and “maximum doctrinal criteria,” which may serve as a guide for designing constitutional frameworks and contemporary policy-making in the Islamic world, clarifying the relationship between legitimacy, acceptance, and effectiveness in leadership models.
creator: Qasem Shaban Neia
creator: Gol Mohammad Yazdani
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 International Journal of Multicultural and Multireligious Understanding http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2025-12-05
publication date: 2025-12-05
volume: 12
number: 12
starting page: 137
ending page: 149
doi: 10.18415/ijmmu.v12i12.7283

The Effectiveness of Mathematics Learning with an Open-Ended Approach Reviewed from Students' Self-Regulated Learning
type: item
description: This study investigates the effectiveness of mathematics learning with an open-ended approach in improving students' Self-Regulated Learning (SRL) compared to the conventional scientific approach in Indonesian junior high schools. A quasi-experimental design with pretest-posttest control group was employed at a Muhammadiyah Junior High School in Yogyakarta, involving 48 grade VIII students divided into experimental (open-ended approach) and control (scientific approach) groups. Data were collected using a validated SRL questionnaire measuring three dimensions: cognitive, motivational, and behavioral. The intervention was conducted over four learning sessions on linear function topics, with data analysis including paired t-tests, one-sample t-tests, and Hotelling's T² test at a significance level of 0.05. The results showed that the open-ended approach significantly improved students' SRL with an average increase of 10.16 points (from 65.38 to 75.54, p = 4.613e-06), surpassing the control group's increase of 8.77 points. The motivation dimension demonstrated the largest improvement (5.70 points), followed by behavioral (3.04 points) and cognitive (1.50 points) dimensions. Following the intervention, 92% of experimental class students achieved high or very high SRL categories, compared to 87.5% in the control class. Hotelling's T² test confirmed significant differences between approaches, with the open-ended method proving more effective in developing students' autonomy, responsibility, and self-reflection. These findings suggest that open-ended learning effectively fosters intrinsic motivation and learning independence, making it a recommended strategy for developing SRL in 21st-century mathematics education.
creator: Vivin Anggraini Hardi
creator: Dhoriva Urwatul Wutsqa
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 International Journal of Multicultural and Multireligious Understanding http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2025-12-05
publication date: 2025-12-05
volume: 12
number: 12
starting page: 150
ending page: 161
doi: 10.18415/ijmmu.v12i12.7188

Ecological Citizenship as a Global Responsibility: A New Ethic for a Sustainable World
type: item
description: This research aims to conceptually and empirically analyze the role of ecological citizenship as a new ethical paradigm in building sustainable lives in the era of globalization. The background of the research departs from the increasing global environmental crisis caused not only by ecological factors, but also by moral and social crises in the way humans treat nature. In this context, ecological citizenship is understood as a form of moral consciousness that integrates personal, social, and planetary responsibilities in human actions. The method used is literature research with a qualitative content analysis approach. Data were obtained from theoretical and empirical literature, including major books on ecological ethics and global citizenship, articles in national and international scientific journals, as well as education policy documents such as Education for Sustainable Development Goals and the Independent Curriculum. The analysis procedure includes data reduction, thematic categorization, and interpretation to identify linkages between ecological, ethical, and educational dimensions. The validity of the results is maintained through triangulation of cross-disciplinary sources and comparison between global theories and local Indonesian wisdom. The results of the study show that ecological citizenship demands a paradigm shift from an anthropocentric to an ecocentric orientation, where humans are no longer the rulers of nature, but part of the network of life. Education plays a strategic role in this process through the integration of sustainability values, ecological empathy, and social responsibility into the curriculum. The findings also confirm that Indonesia's local values, such as the swinging bawana and the Tri Hita Karana, have a strong compatibility with the principles of ecological citizenship. Thus, this study emphasizes the importance of ecological citizenship education as an ethical and pedagogical strategy to build a generation of world citizens w…
creator: Iis Solihat
creator: Iqbal Arpannudin
creator: Febi Afriani
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 International Journal of Multicultural and Multireligious Understanding http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2025-12-05
publication date: 2025-12-05
volume: 12
number: 12
starting page: 162
ending page: 172
doi: 10.18415/ijmmu.v12i12.7182

Integrating Multiple Intelligences into Project-Based Learning: Its Potential to Enhance Students’ Mathematical Literacy and Curiosity
type: item
description: Mathematical literacy and curiosity have become essential competencies for the increasingly complex and dynamic demands of the 21st century. These competencies can be developed through mathematics learning by selecting an appropriate learning approach. One of the approaches currently recommended is the Project-Based Learning (PjBL) approach. However, effective learning should also consider students’ diverse intelligence tendencies, known as Multiple Intelligences (MI). This article employs a Systematic Literature Review (SLR) method. In this review, the researcher systematically collected journal articles from the Scopus, ProQuest, ERIC, and Google Scholar databases. The reviewed articles were limited to publications from 2016 to 2025. From the search results, twenty articles most relevant to the research keywords were carefully selected. These articles were identified and analyzed to examine the potential of mathematics learning through Multiple Intelligences-based Project-Based Learning in enhancing students’ mathematical literacy and curiosity. Based on a synthesis of theoretical perspectives and supported by relevant empirical findings, it can be concluded that Multiple Intelligences-based Project-Based Learning has strong potential to improve students’ mathematical literacy and foster their curiosity.
creator: Rizki Amelia
creator: Djamilah Bondan Widjajanti
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 International Journal of Multicultural and Multireligious Understanding http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2025-12-05
publication date: 2025-12-05
volume: 12
number: 12
starting page: 173
ending page: 185
doi: 10.18415/ijmmu.v12i12.7181

Political–Security Strategies for Conflict Resolution in Pakistan Based on Maximum Participation According to the Jurisprudence of Ahl al-Bayt
type: item
description: Grounded in the jurisprudential foundations of the Ahl al-Bayt (Shi‘i legal tradition), this article formulates a political–security strategy of “maximal participation and acceptance of outcomes” to mitigate and resolve political conflicts in Pakistan. Using a descriptive–analytical method and library sources, the study first clarifies the concepts of strategy and conflict, then maps the main types of conflicts—political, cultural, and economic—within Pakistan’s context. The proposed framework rests on three pillars: political system efficiency, trust-building between state and society, and the enhancement of public satisfaction. It argues that theologically rooted principles—God-centered governance, rule of law, justice, equality, and non-violence—can transform adversarial competition into constructive participation. The paper’s contribution is an operational set of indicators for assessing maximal participation (e.g., transparency, accountability, social security, and distributive justice) and linking them to policy–security mechanisms for de-escalation. Findings suggest that when broad-based participation is coupled with institutional effectiveness and mutual trust, cycles of political instability are likely to diminish and pathways for stable governance and dispute resolution expand.
creator: Dr. Qasem Shaban Neia
creator: Imran Ali Naqavi
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 International Journal of Multicultural and Multireligious Understanding http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2025-12-05
publication date: 2025-12-05
volume: 12
number: 12
starting page: 186
ending page: 200
doi: 10.18415/ijmmu.v12i12.7284

AI and the Future of Islamic Pedagogy: Developing an Ethical Framework for Hybrid Religious Learning
type: item
description: This study aims to describe the implementation of artificial intelligence (AI) in religious learning at Syech Yusuf Integrated Islamic Elementary School in South Sangatta, analyze the application of Islamic ethical values in the interaction between teachers, students, and technology, and develop an ethical framework that can serve as a guide for the use of AI in Islamic pedagogy at the elementary education level. This study uses a qualitative case study method with an ethnopedagogical approach. Data were collected through observation, in-depth interviews with teachers and school administrators, and documentation analysis. Thematic analysis was used to identify patterns of application of Islamic ethical values in AI-based learning. The results show that AI technologies, such as a speech recognition-based Qur'an memorization application, an automated assessment system, and a learning dashboard, are used effectively as pedagogical aids without diminishing the central role of teachers. Teachers act as ethical mediators who ensure AI practices remain aligned with maqāṣid al-sharī‘ah, particularly in fostering the values of adab (moral behavior), amanah (responsibility), and ihsan (spiritual excellence). This research produces an "Integrative Islamic Ethical AI Framework" built on three key principles: Digital Adab, Digital Amanah (Trust), and Digital Maslahah (welfare). This framework demonstrates how AI can improve learning efficiency while maintaining spiritual accountability through the concept of muraqabatullah (the divinely-approved principle), which is the digital awareness that technology use is under divine supervision. Theoretically, this study expands the discourse on Islamic ethics in using AI in education. At the same time, practically, it offers a model for faith-based schools to build an AI-assisted learning ecosystem that is equitable, inclusive, and grounded in spiritual values.
creator: Jumrianah Jumrianah
creator: Ina Damayanti
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 International Journal of Multicultural and Multireligious Understanding http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2025-12-05
publication date: 2025-12-05
volume: 12
number: 12
starting page: 201
ending page: 215
doi: 10.18415/ijmmu.v12i12.7179

The Educational Model of Tolerance with an Approach to Islamic Sources
type: item
description: This research has been conducted using a descriptive and analytical method with the aim of presenting an educational model of tolerance with an approach to Islamic sources. The findings indicate that one of the educational principles that plays a significant role in guiding human beings is tolerance. Tolerance, which is also referred to as gentleness, mildness, kindness, and good behavior towards others, among other terms, has been greatly emphasized in Islamic sources, to the extent that it has been recommended as a principle even in dealings with enemies. In general, tolerance towards others can be classified within various domains and spheres such as ideological, political, ethical, devotional, and more. However, this educational model also faces certain constraints and limitations. The present study, titled "The Educational Model of Tolerance with an Approach to Islamic Sources," employs a descriptive-analytical method and utilizes library resources to present an educational model of tolerance with an approach to Islamic sources. In this regard, to provide a comprehensive model of tolerance, data has been collected from Islamic sources and then analyzed and inferred based on the research questions. It seems that Islam presents a model of tolerance that establishes a relationship between leniency and strictness, and while emphasizing the application of this method, it considers it permissible only to the extent that it does not undermine the fundamental principles and values of Islam. Therefore, the educational model of tolerance, with its existing components and structures, can be considered an appropriate method for interaction and guiding others.
creator: Dr. Hossein Karamad
creator: Heidar Ali Arefi
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 International Journal of Multicultural and Multireligious Understanding http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2025-12-05
publication date: 2025-12-05
volume: 12
number: 12
starting page: 216
ending page: 230
doi: 10.18415/ijmmu.v12i12.7285

Restorative Justice and Juveniles in Afghan Law
type: item
description: Methods for the resolution of disputes and offenses in Afghanistan have a long history. Although this field of study is considered modern in the contemporary era, informal methods continue to resolve the majority of cases to this day. An examination of the substantive and procedural laws of Afghanistan in light of restorative thinking reveals that Afghan legislators, by instituting necessary reforms within local councils, have sought to recognize *Jirgas* and reform councils, thereby facilitating the resolution of minor disputes through them. Consequently, this approach is most frequently utilized in matters concerning juvenile delinquency. The distinctive characteristics of children, such as their lower levels of discernment, understanding, and capacity for self-defense, necessitate enhanced protections compared to those afforded to adults. To prevent the labeling, victimization, and criminalization of children and adolescents, justice must be applied in a manner that better implements this differential system of justice. Restorative justice programs, by strengthening the sense of responsibility and the feeling of shame in the juvenile offender, facilitate reintegration into society and prevent their harm within the criminal justice process. The origin and foundation of restoring the criminal incident stem from the traditions and indigenous customs of various tribes throughout the world. Indeed, restorative justice has been a prominent model of criminal justice throughout human history and for all peoples globally. The Afghan legal system, under Article 25 of the Law on the Treatment of Offenses Committed by Children, proposes the use of reconciliation with specific limitations, such as the consent of the parties. These limitations include the offender's apology, the victim's agreement, and compensation for damages... This present article is the first scholarly work concerning restorative justice and juveniles in Afghanistan. Utilizing a descriptive-analytical meth…
creator: Hussain Golistani
creator: Ahmad Shakib Reyaz
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 International Journal of Multicultural and Multireligious Understanding http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2025-12-05
publication date: 2025-12-05
volume: 12
number: 12
starting page: 231
ending page: 249
doi: 10.18415/ijmmu.v12i12.7286

Scientific Analysis of Limits and Retribution (Hudud and Qisas) in Support of Human Dignity
type: item
description: Hudud and Qisas, in the Islamic legal system, are types of punishments decreed to protect material and spiritual life and to preserve human dignity. Hudud encompasses specific, fixed offenses, such as stoning for adultery committed by a married person (Zina al-Muhsana), one hundred lashes for other cases of adultery, and the execution of the perpetrator in cases such as incestuous adultery, rape, adultery of a non-Muslim man with a Muslim woman, sodomy (Liwat), and waging war against God and society (Muharaba). This article provides a scientific analysis of it, stating that from Islam's perspective, the establishment of punishment originates from divine mercy; mercy necessitates that any behavior causing corruption be considered a crime. A criminal is like a diseased limb in the body of society; in some cases, the diseased limb needs to be amputated, and in others, surgery is required to preserve the health of the community. Therefore, punishment in Islam plays a therapeutic role. Qisas (retribution in kind) existed before Islam, but Islam transformed it from a state of unbridled chaos into a law; however, for intentional murder, the ruling is not solely Qisas, as pardon and reconciliation are also recommended. Throughout history, scholars have defended this law because the philosophy of Qisas pertains to the greatness and extraordinary value of the human right to life and aids truth and justice. The objection of human rights to the law of Qisas stems from their failure to comprehend the hidden secret within it. This is because the execution of justice through the implementation of Qisas guarantees the right to life, in which equality and justice are stipulated. Consequently, the punishments of Hudud and Qisas are prescribed to treat a society where criminality has reached a highly dangerous state, the veils of chastity have been torn, and the society is afflicted with such a severe illness that its cure through ordinary means is impossible, requiring a shock to the…
creator: Seyyed Mohammad Mousavi
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 International Journal of Multicultural and Multireligious Understanding http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2025-12-05
publication date: 2025-12-05
volume: 12
number: 12
starting page: 250
ending page: 261
doi: 10.18415/ijmmu.v12i12.7287

The Influence of Work Motivation and Principal Leadership on Teacher Performance at SMK Tiwikrama Mamuju
type: item
description: This study aims to examine the influence of work motivation and principal leadership on teacher performance at SMK Tiwikrama Mamuju. The research employed a mixed-methods design combining quantitative and qualitative approaches. The study addressed two main research questions: (1) Does work motivation partially affect teacher performance at SMK Tiwikrama Mamuju? and (2) Does principal leadership partially affect teacher performance? In addition, the study also investigated whether work motivation and principal leadership simultaneously influence teacher performance. The population consisted of 22 teachers, and due to the small population size, the research used a saturated sampling technique, where the entire population served as the sample. The instruments used were questionnaires for quantitative data, semi-structured interviews for qualitative data, and document analysis (attendance records, teaching plans, and performance reports) for supporting evidence. Quantitative data were analyzed using multiple linear regression, while qualitative data were analyzed through descriptive thematic analysis. The simulated quantitative results revealed that the regression model including work motivation (X₁) and principal leadership (X₂) explained 62% (R² = 0.62) of the variance in teacher performance (Y). The simultaneous effect was statistically significant, F(2,19) = 15.50, p < 0.001, indicating that both predictors jointly affected teacher performance. The qualitative findings supported these results, revealing three dominant themes: (1) support and recognition from school leaders enhanced teachers’ enthusiasm; (2) open communication and clear direction from the principal strengthened task performance; and (3) workload and limited facilities constrained teachers’ optimal performance. Document analysis also showed inconsistency in lesson plan preparation, consistent with interview findings. Overall, the results suggest that improving teachers’ work motivation through recogn…
creator: Muhammad Ybnu Taufan
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 International Journal of Multicultural and Multireligious Understanding http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2025-12-06
publication date: 2025-12-06
volume: 12
number: 12
starting page: 262
ending page: 268
doi: 10.18415/ijmmu.v12i12.7195

Analysis of the Transformation of School Supervisors' Roles and Its Implications for Strengthening School Management in North Lombok Regency
type: item
description: The transformation of school supervisors’ roles has become a key element in enhancing school management effectiveness and improving educational quality. This study aims to analyze the shift in the roles of school supervisors in North Lombok Regency, transitioning from an administrative approach to mentoring-based supervision. This research employs a descriptive qualitative method, with data collected through interviews, observations, and document analysis. The findings reveal that school supervisors no longer function solely as evaluators but have also taken on the roles of mentors and facilitators for school principals and teachers. The mentoring process includes both academic and managerial supervision, contributing to improved instructional strategies and more effective school governance. However, the implementation of mentoring-based supervision faces several challenges, including the limited number of supervisors, the accessibility of assigned schools, and the readiness of school infrastructure and digital competencies of principals and teachers. To address these challenges, supervisors have adopted coaching and mentoring strategies while leveraging technology to support the supervision process. This study recommends increasing the number of school supervisors, providing continuous professional development for supervisors, and ensuring adequate infrastructure to support technology-based supervision to optimize the transformation of the supervisors' roles.
creator: Heri Hadi Saputra
creator: Muhamad Khaeri
creator: Muhamad Insan Ansori
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 International Journal of Multicultural and Multireligious Understanding http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2025-12-06
publication date: 2025-12-06
volume: 12
number: 12
starting page: 269
ending page: 275
doi: 10.18415/ijmmu.v12i12.7289

Evaluation of the Collaborative Managerial Supervision Program Among School Principals in Cluster 10, Pujut District, Central Lombok Regency
type: item
description: The purpose of this study is to evaluate the program of collaborative managerial supervision between school principals in cluster 10, Pujut District. This study uses a qualitative method. Data sources in this study can be grouped into two types, namely primary data and secondary data. The evaluation model used is the CIPP model (Context, Input, Process, and Product). Data were collected using interview and observation methods. Data analysis was carried out through data collection, data reduction, data presentation and verification. The validity of the data was checked by testing credibility, transferability, defensibility, and confirmability. The results of the study are: 1) Context of the Collaborative Managerial Supervision Evaluation Program between School Principals in Cluster 10, Pujut District, Central Lombok Regency, namely: a) objectives and basis for program policies as a guide/reference for the preparation of the program, The influence of the socio-economic environment through the support of all stakeholders so that the collaborative program, c) Requirements for planning and utilization of resources. 2) Input of the Collaborative Managerial Supervision Evaluation Program between School Principals of Cluster 10, Pujut District, Central Lombok Regency, namely: a) Resources used to implement the program come from the BOS funds of each elementary school. b) Resources used to implement the work program of the cluster are carried out by all members of Cluster 10, Pujut District, 3) Process of the Collaborative Managerial Supervision Evaluation Program between School Principals of Cluster 10, Pujut District, Central Lombok Regency, namely: a) implementation strategy and program suitability on time, ensuring complete data, creating groups, mentoring, and long-term, short-term, and incidental program targets, b) cooperative, familial, democratic, active, and humanistic interaction patterns, 4) 4. The product of the Collaborative Managerial Supervision Evaluation Pr…
creator: Budiawan Budiawan
creator: Sudirman Sudirman
creator: Mansur Hakim
creator: Muhammad Makki
creator: Abdul Kadir Jaelani
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 International Journal of Multicultural and Multireligious Understanding http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2025-12-10
publication date: 2025-12-10
volume: 12
number: 12
starting page: 276
ending page: 283
doi: 10.18415/ijmmu.v12i12.7208