Prophet Muhammad, the Greatest Forgiveness in the History, the Eagle Flag, and the Marvelous Strategy for Peaceful Opening of Mecca
Abstract
This historical research discusses the conquest of Mecca. It proves that the Hudaibiyah peace treaty was first violated by Quraysh. This paper also studies the color, the name, and the message of the flag of the Prophet Muhammad in the Mecca conquest. It has been shown that the idea of the flag with the word punishment written on it, is wrong or is a carefully designed lie. It has been proved that the Muslims’ flag had been a black flag called the Eagle flag and this type of flag with this color and this name had been previously used by Meccans (Quraysh) in battles. The name of the Eagle flag dates back to the use of the eagle as the symbol of power on the flags of the ancient empires. The message of the flag of the Prophet Muhammad could have never been the punishment because he never punished the Quraysh and did not ever decide to do that. It has also been explained that Prophet Muhammad organized a marvelous plan to peacefully come back to his homeland Mecca. Prophet Muhammad suffered from Quraysh for more than 21 years but after the Mecca conquest, while he had the opportunity to revenge and no one would blame him for that, by his inspiring act of forgiveness, he made a great moment in history. This article shows that Prophet Muhammad recorded the greatest forgiveness in history. Some other carefully designed lies about the conquest of Mecca are shown to be deliberate distortions of the history by some authors to defame Prophet Muhammad.
Keywords
Full Text:
PDFReferences
Abu-Talib, A. i. (2009). Nahjul Balagha: Peak of Eloquence. New York, USA: Tahrike Tarsile Qur'an.
al-Alusi, M. (1994 (1415)). Ruh al-Maani (Spirit of the Meaning). Beirut, Lebanon: Dar al Kotob al Ilmiyah.
al-Amili, S. a.-H. (1993). Wasa'il al-Shia. Qum, Iran: Ahl al-Bayt Institute.
Al-Asqalani, I. H. (2005 (1426)). Fath Al-Bari. Riyadh, Saudi Arabia: Dar Tibah.
Al-Baladhuri. (1974 (1394)). Ansab Al-Ashraf (Genealogies of the Nobles). Beirut, Lebanon: Muassasat al-Alami lil-Matbuat.
al-Bayhaqi, A. i. H. (1985 (1405)). Dala'il al-Nubuwwah (Vol. 5). Beirut, Lebanon: Dar al Kotob al Ilmiyah.
al-Bukhari, M. (2016). Sahih Al-Bukhari. Morrisville, USA: Lulu Press.
al-Ghuchani, M. H. a.-N. (1983). Jawahir al-kalam. Beirut, Lebonan: Dar Ihya al-Turath al-Arabi.
al-Hajjaj, M. i. (1998 (1419)). Sahih Muslim. Beirut, Lebanon: Dar Ibn Hazm.
Al-Hakeem, S. M. S., & Albodairi, M. A. (2017). Understanding Karbala. USA: Mainstay Foundation.
al-Hindi, a.-M. (2013). Kanz al-Ummal Fee Sunan al-Aqwal wa al-Af'al (Treasures of the Doers of Good Deeds): Turath For Solutions.
al-Hindi, A. i. A.-a.-M. (1981 (1401)). Kanz al-Ummal. Beirut, lebanon: Muassasah al-Risalah.
al-Majlisi, M. B. (1983 (1403)). Bihar al-Anwar (Vol. 19). Beirut, Lebanon: Muassasa al-Wafa.
al-Masudi, A. i. H. (1989 (1409)). Muruj al-Zahab wa Maadan al-Jawhar (Meadows of Gold and Mines of Gems). Qom, Iran: Dar Al-Hijrah.
al-Nishaburi, H. (1990 (1411)). Al-Mustadrak alaa al-Sahihain (Vol. 4). Beirut, Lebanon: Dar al Kotob al ilmiyah.
al-Qudai, a.-Q. (2019). Light in the Heavens: Sayings of the Prophet Muhammad (T. Qutbuddin, Trans.). New York, USA: New York University Press.
Al-Qurtubi. (2006 (1427)). Al-Jami li Ahkam al-Quran (1st ed.). Beirut, Lebanon: Muassasah al-Risalah.
al-Sha'rani, A. (1997 (1418)). Al-Yawaqit wal-Jawahir. Beirut, Lebonan: Dar Ihya al-Turath al-Arabi.
al-Shafi'i, M. i. Y. a.-G. (2000). Al-Bayan fi akhbar Sahib al-Zaman. Beirut, Lebonan: Dar al Mahajja al Baydaa.
al-Shami, M. i. Y. a.-S. (1993 (1414)). Subul al-Huda wal Rashad fi Seerat Khair al-Ibad (1st ed.). Beirut, Lebanon: Dar al Kutub al Ilmiyah.
al-Shiddy, A. i. A. (2011). Forty Encounters With the Beloved Prophet: rasoulallah.net.
al-Suyuti, J. a.-D. (1994 (1414)). Al-Durr Al-Manthur Fi Tafsir Bil-Ma'thur (Vol. 3). Beirut, Lebanon: Dar al-Fikr.
al-Tabari, b. J. M. b. J. (1992 (1412)). Tafsir al-Tabari (Jami Al Bayan) (1st ed.). Beirut, Lebanon: Dar al Marifah.
al-Tabari, M. B. J. (1987). The History of al-Tabari (W. M. Watt & M. V. McDonald, Trans.). New York, USA: State University of New York Press.
al-Tabari, M. i. J. (2015). History of al-Tabari Vol. 8, The: The Victory of Islam: Muhammad at Medina A.D. (M. Fishbein, Trans.). Albany, New York, USA: State University of New York Press.
Al-Waqidi. (1989 (1409)). Al-Maghazi. Beirut, Lebanon: Aalami.
al-Yahsabi, a.-Q. A. a.-F. (1986 (1407)). Al-Shifa – Tareef-o-Haqooq e Mustafa. Amman, Jordan: Dar al-Fiha.
al-Yahsabi, a.-Q. A. a.-F. (2011). Mashariq al-Anwar ala Sihah al-Athar. Beirut, Lebanon: Dar al Kotob al Ilmiyah.
al-Yaqubi. (1960 (1379)). Tarikh al-Yaqubi Beirut, Lebanon: Dar Sadir.
al-Zabidi, M. i. M. M. (1993 (1414)). Taj al-Arus Min Jawahir al-Qamus. Beirut, Lebanon: Dar al Fikr.
al-Zahiri, M. i. D. (1985 (1406)). az-Zahra (The Flower). Zarqa, Jordan: Maktaba al Manar.
Al-Zamakhshari. (1987 (1407)). Al-Kashshaaf (3rd ed.). Beirut, Lebanon: Dar al Kutub al Arabi.
al-Zuhayli, W. (1963). Athar al-Harb fi al-Fiqh al-Islami (The Influences of War in Islamic Jurisprudence). Beirut, Lebonan: Dar al-Fikr.
al_Sadr, M. B., Sachedina, A. a., Rizvi, S. M., & Khimjee, H. (2014). Ghadir. Qum, Iran: Ansariyan Publications.
Aleem, S. (2011). Prophet Muhammad (S) and His Family: A Sociological Perspective. Bloomington, India: AuthorHouse.
Amini, A. A. H. (1987). The Ghadir in the Book, the Sunnah, and Literature. Tehran, Iran: Dar al-Kotob al-Islamiyyah.
an-Nasa'i, A. (1990 (1411)). Sunan an-Nasa'i Beirut, Lebanon: Dar al Kotob al Ilmiyah
Asakir, I. (1994 (1415)). Tarikh Dimashq (History of Damascus) (Vol. 12). Beirut, Lebanon: Dar al-Fikr.
Askari, S. M. (2017). The Role of Aishah in the History of Islam. Tehran, Iran: Naba Cultural Institute.
at-Tirmidhi, M. i. E. (2000 (1421)). Sunan at-Tirmidhi. Beirut, Labenon: Dar al-Fikr.
Athir, A. i. (1965 (1385)). Al-Kamil Fi al-Tarikh (The Complete History) (Vol. 2). Beirut, Lebonan: Dar Sadir.
Athir, A. i. M. i. (1989 (1409)). Usud al-Ghabah Fi Ma'rifat al-Sabahah (Vol. 1). Beirut, Lebanon: Dar al-Fikr.
Athir, I. (1988 (1409)). al-Nihaya. Qom, Iran: Esmaeilian.
Bahman Zeinali, N. K. (2017). Investigating the Reasons for Imposing the First Sanction in History and the Factors contributing to its Failure. IOSR Journal Of Humanities And Social Science (IOSR-JHSS), 22(6), 49-57.
Barr, I. a. (1995 (1415)). Ad-dorar fi Ikhtisar Al-maghazi wa-s-seyyar (Pearls in summary of the Campaigns and biographies). Cairo, Egypt: Supreme Council for Islamic Affairs.
Brinner, W. M. (2015). History of al-Tabari Vol. 2, The: Prophets and Patriarchs: State University of New York Press.
Burstein, P. (2003). The Impact of Public Opinion on Public Policy: A Review and an Agenda. Political Research Quarterly, 56(1), 29-40. doi:10.1177/106591290305600103
The Court Journal: Court Circular & Fashionable Gazette. (1833). (Vol. 5). London, UK: Alabaster, Pasemore & sons, Limited.
Dür, A. (2019). How Interest Groups Influence Public Opinion: Arguments Matter More than the Sources. European Journal of Political Research, 58(2), 514-535. doi:10.1111/1475-6765.12298
Faizer, R. (2013). The Life of Muhammad: Al-Waqidi's Kitab Al-Maghazi: Taylor & Francis.
Gabriel, M. A. (2004). Jesus and Muhammad. Lake Mary, Florida, USA: Charisma House.
Ghaedan, A. (1996). The Islamic History and monuments of Mecca and Medina. Tehran, Iran: Mash'ar.
Gharavi, M. H. Y. (2010). Islamic History Encyclopedia. Qom, Iran: Majma al-Fikr al-Islami.
Ghomni, M. a. (1996 (1416)). Hurub Dola al Rasul (Battles of the Prophet State). Cairo, Egypt: Maktaba Madbouli al-Saghir.
God. The Holy Quran.
Habban, I. (1975 (1395)). Al-Thuqat. Beirut, Lebanon: Mu'assasat al-Kutub al-Thaqafiyah.
Haj, H. H. (1992). Hazara al-Arab fi Sadr al-Islam (Arab Civilization in Early Years of Islam). Beirut, Lebanon: Muassasah al-Jamiyah lil-Dirasat wa-al-Nashr wa-al-Tawzi.
Halabi, A. i. I. (2006). Al-Sira Al-Halabiya (2nd ed.). Beirrut, Lebonan: Dar al-kotob al-ilmiyah.
Hamid, A. G. (2009). Islamic International Law and the Right of Self-Defense of States. Journal of East Asia and International Law, 2, 67-101. doi:10.14330/jeail.2009.2.1.03
Hanbal, A. i. (2009 (1430)). Musnad Ahmad ibn Hanbal. Beirut, Lebanon: Dar al Fikr.
Hart, M. H. (1978). The 100: A Ranking of the Most Influential Persons in History. New York, USA: Carol Publishing Group.
Hasan, M. (1988). Hadrat Ali Murtada. New Delhi, India: Kitab Bhavan.
Hasani, H. M. a. (1996 (1416)). Sira al Mustafa. Beirut, Lebanon: Dar al-Ta'aruf lil-Matbu'at.
Hatim, I. A. (1999 (1419)). Tafsir al-Quran al-azim (Vol. 7). Mecca: Maktaba Nazaar Mustafa al-Baz.
Hinds, M., Bacharach, J. L., Conrad, L. I., & Crone, P. (1996). Studies in Early Islamic History. Princeton, USA: Darwin Press.
Hisham, A. a.-M. b. (1955). As-Sīrah an-Nabawiyyah (The Life of the Prophet). Beirut, Lebanon: Dar al-Maarifah.
Hisham, A. a.-M. I. (1936 (1355)). Al Sira Al Nabawiyya (Vol. 1). Cairo, Egypt: Mostafa Al-Babi Al-Halabi.
Hisham, I. (1991). Al-Sira Al-Nabawiyya. Beirut, Lebonan: Dar Ihya al-Turath al-Arabi.
Hisham, I. (2000). Sirat Ibn Hisham (Biography of the Prophet) (I. A. Farid, Trans.). Cairo, Egypt: al-Falah Foundation.
Humaidi, I. A. N. a. (1995 (1415)). Tafsir Qarib ma fi Sahihain (1st ed.). Cairo, Egypt: Maktabah As-Sunnah.
Humaidi, M. B. F. (2002 (1423)). Jami' Bayn al-Sahihain: al-Bukhari wa Muslim. Beirut, Lebanon: Dar Ibn Hazm.
Hussin, A., Othman, R., & Al-Suwaidan, T. (2015). Prophet Muhammad (SAW): The Hallmark of Leadership. Malaysia: Dakwah Corner.
Irving, W. (1989). Washington Irving's Life of Mohammed (C. Getchell Ed.). Massachusetts, USA: Ipswich Press.
Ishaq, I. (2002). The life of Muhammad (Sira of Ibn Ishaq) (A. Guillaume, Trans.). Oxford, England: Oxford University Press.
Ishaq, I. (2003). The life of Muhammad, Apostle of Allah. London, England: Folio Society.
Jordac, G. (2014). The Voice of Human Justice (Sautu'l 'Adalati'l Insaniyah). Morrisville, USA: Lulu Publishing.
Kalaei, S. i. M. (1999 (1420)). Iktifa. Beirut, Lebanon: Dar al-Kutub al-Ilmiyah.
Kalbi, B. i. A. a. (2017 (1438)). Muhavilat Bina al Meyar al Dilali. Amman, Jordan: Dar al Jinan.
Kathir, I. (1978 (1398)). Al-Bidayah wa al-Nihayah (The Beginning and the End) Beirut, Lebanon: Dar al-Fikr
Kathir, I. (1997 (1418)). Al-Bidayah wa al-Nihayah (The Beginning and the End) Giza, Egypt: Dar Hijr.
Kathir, I. (2001). The Battles of The Prophet (W. i. A. M. Shihab, Trans. 2nd ed.). Egypt: El-Mansoura.
Kathir, I. (2006). The life of the prophet Muḥammad ( al-Sīra al-Nabawiyya) (T. L. Gassick, Trans.). Reading, England: Garnet Publishing Limited.
Kurdi, M. T. (2000 (1420)). Attarikh olghawim limakkeh wa Beitollah ilkarim (Vol. 1). Beirut, Lebanon: Dar Khizr.
l-Hadid, I. A. (1965 (1385)). Sharḥ Nahj al-Balāgha (Comments on the Peak of Eloquence). Qom, Iran: Maktabah Ayatollah al-Marashi.
Lawler, A. (2011). The World in Between. archaeology, 64(6).
Lings, M. (1991). Muhammad: His Life Based on the Earliest Sources. Cambridge, United Kingdom: Islamic Texts Society.
Mackey, A. G. (1924). An Encyclopedia of Freemasonry and Its Kindred Sciences. Chicago, USA: The Masonic History Co.
Majah, I. (1952). Sunan ibn Majah. Cairo, Egypt: Dar al-Ihya al-Kutub al-Arabiyah.
Majlesi, M. B. (1983 (1403)). Bihar al-Anwar. Beirut , Lebanon: Dar Ihya al-Turath al Arabi.
Maqrizi, A. i. A. a. (1999 (1420)). Imta al Asma (The Delectation of Ears). Beirut, Lebanon: Dar al Kutub al Ilmiyah
Matthew S. Gordon, C. F. R., Everett K. Rowson, Michael Fishbein. (2018). The Works of Ibn Wāḍiḥ al-Yaʿqūbī (Vol. 3). Leiden, Netherlands: Brill.
Mawdudi, S. A. A. (1978 (1398)). Khilafat o Malookiat (Caliphate and Kingship). Kuwait: Dar al Ghalam.
Middleton, J. (2015). World Monarchies and Dynasties. Abingdon, UK: Taylor & Francis.
Miller, W. (1961). Cyropaedia: Harvard university press.
Muhammad Ibn Ismail Bukhari, M. M. K. (1996). Sahih Al Bukhari (1st edition ed.). Alexandria, Virginia, USA: Al-Saadawi Pubns.
Muir, W. (1923). The Life of Mohammed (T. H. Weir Ed.). London, England: Edinburgh J. Grant.
Muir, W. (2004). The Caliphate: Its Rise, Decline, and Fall : from Original Sources (2nd ed.). Whitefish, USA: Kessinger Publishing.
Nabhani, M. Y. B. I. (1996 (1417)). hujjatullah alal alamin fii muijizati sayidil mursaleen (1st ed.). Beirut, Lebanon: Dar Al Kutub al Ilmiyah.
Nadwi, A. H. A. (2001). Muhammad Rasulullah: The Apostle of Mercy (M. Ahmad, Trans. 3rd ed.). Lucknow, India: Academy of Islamic Research and Publications.
Naeem, A. (1991 (1412)). Dalail-un-Nabuwwah. Beirut, Lebanon: Dar al Nafaes.
Najjarian, M. R. (2016). The Idea of Perfect Man. Open Journal of Philosophy, 6(4).
oussef H. Aboul-Enein, S. Z. (2004). Islamic Rulings on Warfare. Retrieved from USA: http://www.jstor.org/stable/resrep11465
Pickhtall, M. (1975). Introduction to the Translation of Holy Qur'an. Lahore, Pakistan.
Pirnia, H. (2010). History of Persia. Before the Islamic Period: Ketab-e Parseh.
PODEH, E. (2011). The symbolism of the Arab flag in modern Arab states: between commonality and uniqueness*. Nations and Nationalism, 17(2), 419-442. doi:doi:10.1111/j.1469-8129.2010.00475.x
Qirwani, A. A. a. H. a. (1981 (1401)). al Umda fi Mahasin Sher (Mainstay in Poem attractions). Beirut, Lebanon: Dar al Jil.
Qurṭubi, M. i. A. (1985). al-jami li-ahkam al-Quran (Vol. 10). Tehran, Iran: Naser Khosro.
Qutaybah, I. (1990 (1410)). Tarikh al Kholafa. Beirut, Lebonan: Dar al-azwa.
Razi, A. F. (1989). Roz al-Janan. Mashhad, Iran: Astan Quds Razavi.
Richardson, J. (2006). Antichrist: Islam's Awaited Messiah. Washington, USA: Pleasant Word.
Richardson, J. (2009). The Islamic Antichrist: The Shocking Truth about the Real Nature of the Beast. Washington, USA: WND Books.
Sa'd, I. (1972). Al-Tabaqat Al-Kabir. Karachi, Pakistan: Pakistan Historical Society.
Sa'd, I. (1990 (1410)). Tabaqat Al-Kubra (Vol. 2). Beirut, Lebonan: Dar al-kotob al-ilmiyah.
Sardar, Z. (2014). Mecca: The Sacred City. USA: Bloomsbury Publishing.
Sepehr, A., & Almodaresi, S. A. (2013). Geotop of Lut Playa: Quaternary Geomorphologic Evidence and Civilization. Journal of Earth Science and Engineering.
Shalabi, A., Haddad, L., Hashim, A. U., Taher, H., al-Majd, A. K. A., Shahin, A. S., . . . Zaqzuq, M. H. (1999). Islam Between Truth and False Allegations: A Response to the False Allegations Against Islam. Morocco: ISESCO.
Shaybah, I. A. (1988 (1409)). Musannaf (1st Ed.). Beirut, Labonan: Dar al-Taj.
Shushtari, M. T. (1997). Bahj al-sabagha fi sharhe nahjol-balagha (Vol. 2). Tehran, Iran: Amir Kabir.
Siddiqi, M. Y. M. (2016). The Prophet Muhammad: A Role Model for Muslim Minorities. Markfield, England: Kube Publishing Limited.
Sighaf, H. i. A. (2007 (1428)). Zahr al Rayhan. Beirut, Lebanon: Dar Imam al Rawas.
Smith, J., & Furnish, T. R. (2011). Islam - the Cloak of Antichrist. Washington, USA: WinePress Publishing.
Sulaiman, S. M. (2007 (1428)). Fi Anwar al-Nubuwwah. Dubai, UAE: Dubai International Holy Quran Award.
Sultan, S. N. (2007). The Qurʼan and Sayings of Prophet Muhammad (Y. Ali, Trans.). Nashville, USA: SkyLight Paths.
Suyuti, J. (1985 (1405)). Khasayes-ul-Qubura. Beirut, lebanon: Dar al-kutub al-Ilmiyah.
Tabari. (1987). Tarikh al-Tabari (Vol. 2). Beirut, Lebonan: Dar al-kotob al-ilmiyah.
Tabarsi, F. i. H. (1997). Eelam al-Wara (Vol. 1). Ghom, Iran: Ahlul Bayt le Ehya al-Torath Institute.
Tabresi, A. A. F. i. H. (1986 (1406)). Majma‘ al-Bayan fi-Tafsir al-Qur'an (Vol. 2). Beirut, Lebanon: Dar ul-Marefa.
Tahawi, A. i. M. a. (2005 (1426)). Musnad Tahawi. Dubai, UAE: Maktaba al Haramain
Tahir, I. T. A. i. A. (1999). Balaghat Annisa. Qom, Iran: Maktaba al Haydaryyah
Talib, A. i. A. (2013). Nahjul-Balagha: Path of Eloquence (Y. al-Jibouri, Trans.). Baghdad, Iraq: Dar al -Mamoon.
Tawus, S. I. (2003). Lohoof (Sighs of Sorrow) (A. H. Rizvi, Trans. Vol. 1). Tehran, Iran: Naba cultural organization.
Tihrani, S. M. H. H. (2015). Knowing the Imams Volume 1: The Infallibility of the Prophets and the Imams (Vol. 1). United States: Kazi Publications.
Tirmazi, A. I. (2007). Ali the Manifesting Imam. Lahore, Pakistan: Lahore Classic.
ut-Tahrir, H. (2012). The Ruling System in Islam (5th ed.). London, UK: Khilafah Publications.
Vosoughi, S., Roy, D., & Aral, S. (2018). The spread of true and false news online. Science, 359(6380), 1146. doi:10.1126/science.aap9559
Wittkower, R. (1939). Eagle and serpent. A study in the migration of symbols. Journal of the Warburg Institute, 2(4), 293-325.
Yahaqqi, M. J. (1996). A dictionary of myths and narrative symbols in Persian literature: Soroush.
Zaidan, J. (2013). History of Islamic Civilization Cairo, Egypt: Hindawi Foundation.
Zayd, A. A. (2003). The Life of The Prophet: Correction of The Fallacies in the
Encyclopedia of Islam. Morocco: ISESCO.
Zeineddine, M. K. (2017). Ali ibn ABI Talib: Reflection of a Prophet. Maitland, Australia: Mill City Press Inc.
Zubaidi, Z. a. (1996 (1417)). Summerized Sahih al Bukhari (M. M. Khan, Trans.). Riyadh, Saudi Arabia: Dar-us-Salam.
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.18415/ijmmu.v9i10.3984
Refbacks
- There are currently no refbacks.
Copyright (c) 2022 International Journal of Multicultural and Multireligious Understanding
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
https://ijmmu.com
editor@ijmmu.com
facebook.com/ijmmu
Copyright © 2014-2018 IJMMU. All rights reserved.