Afghan Deportation from Iran “Pressure or Opportunity”

Abstract

The mass deportation of Afghans from Iran and Pakistan in 2024–2025 has intensified one of the world’s most enduring migration crises. Decades of war, foreign intervention, and economic fragility have left Afghanistan ill-prepared to absorb the return of millions, many of whom were born and raised in exile. This article examines the socio-economic and political consequences of forced returns under the administration of the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan, with particular attention to housing shortages, unemployment, fragile livelihoods, food insecurity, and the vulnerability of women and children. It argues that the deportation surge constitutes both a humanitarian emergency and a governance challenge, further strained by sanctions and limited international support. At the same time, the study identifies opportunities: returnees bring skills, labor potential, and cross-border experiences that could contribute to reconstruction and economic resilience. Whether deportation is ultimately a source of crisis or a catalyst for recovery depends on coherent reintegration policies and sustained international cooperation.