The Embodiment of Angels and the Human Soul: A Study of Four Islamic Thinkers

Abstract

Objective: This study examines angelic embodiment (tamathul) and post-mortem states of the human soul (rajʿah and reincarnation) within Islamic theosophy, focusing on Ibn Arabi, Mulla Sadra, Imam Khomeini, and Allameh Tabatabai, to identify the most coherent intellectual model.

Methods: The research proceeds in two stages: first, reconstructing the four thinkers' theoretical foundations analytically-descriptively; second, a systematic comparison of their models based on internal logical coherence, using insights from genetics and physics to explain metaphysical mechanisms of embodiment and identity continuity.

Results: All four, reject reincarnation due to soul-body unity. They diverge on tamathul: Ibn Arabi posits angelic embodiment as its transformation into an elemental body; Mulla Sadra describes it as a self-generated form by the angel; Imam Khomeini advocates a subtle malakūtī embodiment; and Tabatabai views it as angelic manifestation in the subjective sphere. Ibn Arabi inconsistently accepts angelic embodiment while denying rajʿah. Integrating genetic individuality with Sadrian ontology supports rajʿah and refutes reincarnation.

Conclusion: Imam Khomeini’s framework exhibits the highest degree of coherence, as it resolves the tensions and ambiguities present in the other theories.